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Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States
OBJECTIVES: The EAR and RDA for iodine (I) intake in pregnancy are 160 and 220 µg/d, respectively; however, dietary I intake by United States (US) pregnant women is unknown. Several professional organizations have recommended a supplement of 150 µg/d during pregnancy, though, the current use of pren...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9193953/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.035 |
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author | Griebel-Thompson, Adrianne Sands, Scott Chollet-Hinton, Lynn Christifano, Danielle Sullivan, Debra Hull, Holly Carlson, Susan |
author_facet | Griebel-Thompson, Adrianne Sands, Scott Chollet-Hinton, Lynn Christifano, Danielle Sullivan, Debra Hull, Holly Carlson, Susan |
author_sort | Griebel-Thompson, Adrianne |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: The EAR and RDA for iodine (I) intake in pregnancy are 160 and 220 µg/d, respectively; however, dietary I intake by United States (US) pregnant women is unknown. Several professional organizations have recommended a supplement of 150 µg/d during pregnancy, though, the current use of prenatal supplements with I is also unknown. Our objective was to determine I intake from diet and supplements and relate I intake to I status, measured by urinary I concentration (UIC). METHODS: Pregnant women (n = 966) were interviewed about their dietary intake by the Diet History Questionnaire 2.0 or multiple 24-hour recalls at baseline and their dietary I intake was estimated using the USDA, FDA and ODS-NIH Database for the Iodine Content of Common Foods (ICCF). Participants were interviewed monthly until delivery to assess I intake from prenatal supplements. Urine samples were collected between 12–20 weeks of gestation, and UIC was measured by the modified Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. A chi-square test compared groups with insufficient and adequate I status to the proportion who met the EAR for I intake. RESULTS: The group median intake of I from diet was below the EAR (108.8 µg/d) however, median intake increased to 188.5 µg/day when supplemental I was included. Seventy-three % of participants (707/966) had a dietary intake below the EAR and 45% (436/966) remained below the EAR after including supplemental I. The group median UIC of 154.2 µg/L indicated a population with marginally adequate I status by WHO standards. Almost half (48%) had a UIC considered to be I insufficient (≤150 µg/L) by WHO. Although slightly more than half (55%, 529/966) were taking a supplement containing I, only 27% (259/966) were taking the recommended 150 µg/d. Iodine status was significantly associated with EAR intake, with 52.1% (227/436) of those with an intake below the EAR being I insufficient (UIC ≤ 150 µg/L) compared to 44.7% (237/530) of those with an I intake above the EAR (p = 0.0229). CONCLUSIONS: While consuming a prenatal supplement with I improved the proportion of participants with an intake above the EAR, nearly 45% of the group who consumed more than the EAR had insufficient I status. FUNDING SOURCES: The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (HD R01083292). |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9193953 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91939532022-06-14 Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States Griebel-Thompson, Adrianne Sands, Scott Chollet-Hinton, Lynn Christifano, Danielle Sullivan, Debra Hull, Holly Carlson, Susan Curr Dev Nutr Maternal, Perinatal and Pediatric Nutrition OBJECTIVES: The EAR and RDA for iodine (I) intake in pregnancy are 160 and 220 µg/d, respectively; however, dietary I intake by United States (US) pregnant women is unknown. Several professional organizations have recommended a supplement of 150 µg/d during pregnancy, though, the current use of prenatal supplements with I is also unknown. Our objective was to determine I intake from diet and supplements and relate I intake to I status, measured by urinary I concentration (UIC). METHODS: Pregnant women (n = 966) were interviewed about their dietary intake by the Diet History Questionnaire 2.0 or multiple 24-hour recalls at baseline and their dietary I intake was estimated using the USDA, FDA and ODS-NIH Database for the Iodine Content of Common Foods (ICCF). Participants were interviewed monthly until delivery to assess I intake from prenatal supplements. Urine samples were collected between 12–20 weeks of gestation, and UIC was measured by the modified Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. A chi-square test compared groups with insufficient and adequate I status to the proportion who met the EAR for I intake. RESULTS: The group median intake of I from diet was below the EAR (108.8 µg/d) however, median intake increased to 188.5 µg/day when supplemental I was included. Seventy-three % of participants (707/966) had a dietary intake below the EAR and 45% (436/966) remained below the EAR after including supplemental I. The group median UIC of 154.2 µg/L indicated a population with marginally adequate I status by WHO standards. Almost half (48%) had a UIC considered to be I insufficient (≤150 µg/L) by WHO. Although slightly more than half (55%, 529/966) were taking a supplement containing I, only 27% (259/966) were taking the recommended 150 µg/d. Iodine status was significantly associated with EAR intake, with 52.1% (227/436) of those with an intake below the EAR being I insufficient (UIC ≤ 150 µg/L) compared to 44.7% (237/530) of those with an I intake above the EAR (p = 0.0229). CONCLUSIONS: While consuming a prenatal supplement with I improved the proportion of participants with an intake above the EAR, nearly 45% of the group who consumed more than the EAR had insufficient I status. FUNDING SOURCES: The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (HD R01083292). Oxford University Press 2022-06-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9193953/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.035 Text en © The Author 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com |
spellingShingle | Maternal, Perinatal and Pediatric Nutrition Griebel-Thompson, Adrianne Sands, Scott Chollet-Hinton, Lynn Christifano, Danielle Sullivan, Debra Hull, Holly Carlson, Susan Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States |
title | Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States |
title_full | Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States |
title_fullStr | Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States |
title_full_unstemmed | Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States |
title_short | Dietary and Supplemental Iodine Intake and Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Large Pregnancy Cohort in the United States |
title_sort | dietary and supplemental iodine intake and urinary iodine concentration in a large pregnancy cohort in the united states |
topic | Maternal, Perinatal and Pediatric Nutrition |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9193953/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.035 |
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