Egg and Dietary Cholesterol Intake and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies examined the associations between egg and dietary cholesterol intake and the risk of mortality from all causes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar until April 2021, as well as references to the relevant articles retrieved. Random-effects models were used to calculate summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest vs. lowest categories of egg and dietary cholesterol intake. Also, linear and non-linear dose–response analyses were conducted to examine the dose-response relationships. RESULTS: We included 55 studies, comprising data from 2,772,486 individuals with 228,425, 71,745, and 67,211 cases of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality, respectively. Intake of each additional egg per day was associated with a 7% higher risk of all-cause (1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.12, I(2) = 84.8%) and a 13% higher risk of cancer mortality (1.13, 95% CI: 1.06–1.20, I(2) = 54.2%), but was not associated with CVD mortality (1.00, 95% CI: 0.92–1.09, I(2) = 81.5%). Non-linear analyses showed increased risks for egg consumption of more than 1.5 and 0.5 eggs/day, respectively. Each 100 mg/day increment in dietary cholesterol intake was associated with a 6% higher risk of all-cause mortality (1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.08, I(2) = 34.5%) and a 6% higher risk of cancer mortality (1.06, 95% CI: 1.05–1.07, I(2) = 0%), but was not associated with CVD mortality (1.04, 95% CI: 0.99–1.10, I(2) = 85.9%). Non-linear analyses demonstrated elevated risks of CVD and cancer mortality for intakes more than 450 and 250 mg/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: High-dietary intake of eggs and cholesterol was associated with all-cause and cancer mortality. Little evidence for elevated risks was seen for intakes below 0.5 egg/day or 250 mg/day of dietary cholesterol. Our findings should be considered with caution because of small risk estimates and moderate between-study heterogeneity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=252564, PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021252564.