Isolated tuberculous orchitis presented as epididymo-orchitis: An unusual presentation of tuberculosis

Urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) is almost 8%–15% of the extrapulmonary site of TB of all kinds, and epididymal involvement is rarer, counted only 28% of UGTB. Isolated tuberculous epididymitis (ITE), without the inclusion of prostate or clinical evidence of renal involvement, is an even more rare entity and is challenging to diagnose. However, isolated epididymis TB presented as a huge scrotal abscess with scrotal sack involvement is exceptionally uncommon. The symptoms of such ITE resemble the epididymo-orchitis or malignant tumor, which results in misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis. A 32-year-young man, sexually inactive, was presented with a rapid, painless scrotal growing. There was no clinical evidence for TB. Clinical examination of the genitalia revealed an enlarged right tactical with intratesticular masses (abuses) and swollen spermatic cord along with inflamed epididymitis. The radiological and laboratory shows no evidence of TB with clear chest X-rays, normal blood, and urine analysis. There were no symptoms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the microdot enzyme immunoassay analysis. A repeated magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonic investigations were performed that revealed findings suggesting a chronic inflammatory process with severe abscess involving the spasmatic cord and scrotal sack, which mislead the diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis. Later, the extensive formation of superficial abscess breaches the scrotal sack. A pathological investigation of excretion and intrascrotal tissues established the diagnosis of ITE. The patient was kept on anti TB treatment medications for 12 months due to delay in diagnosis (12 weeks), continuous discharge, and severe involvement of epididymitis along with a scrotal sack and spermatic cord and had a remarkable recovery. The delayed diagnosis of ITE could lead the severe complication, which could result in surgical intervention or an orchiectomy. The first line of treatment should be the pharmacological approach for cases of epididymis TB, and surgery should be the 2(nd) option. A surgical procedure should be considered only in cases where the diagnosis is not established or when there is a strong clinical indication such as abscesses, cutaneous fistulas, or extensive involvement of the epididymis and testis.