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Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview
Proton therapy has the potential to provide survival and tumor control outcomes comparable and frequently superior to photon therapy. This has led to a significant concern in the medical physics community on the risk for the induction of second cancers in all patients and especially in younger patie...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9197425/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35712488 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.892078 |
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author | Romero-Expósito, Maite Toma-Dasu, Iuliana Dasu, Alexandru |
author_facet | Romero-Expósito, Maite Toma-Dasu, Iuliana Dasu, Alexandru |
author_sort | Romero-Expósito, Maite |
collection | PubMed |
description | Proton therapy has the potential to provide survival and tumor control outcomes comparable and frequently superior to photon therapy. This has led to a significant concern in the medical physics community on the risk for the induction of second cancers in all patients and especially in younger patients, as they are considered more radiosensitive than adults and have an even longer expected lifetime after treatment. Thus, our purpose is to present an overview of the research carried out on the evaluation of out-of-field doses linked to second cancer induction and the prediction of this risk. Most investigations consisted of Monte Carlo simulations in passive beam facilities for clinical scenarios. These works established that equivalent doses in organs could be up to 200 mSv or 900 mSv for a brain or a craniospinal treatment, respectively. The major contribution to this dose comes from the secondary neutrons produced in the beam line elements. Few works focused on scanned-beam facilities, but available data show that, for these facilities, equivalent doses could be between 2 and 50 times lower. Patient age is a relevant factor in the dose level, especially for younger patients (by means of the size of the body) and, in addition, in the predicted risk by models (due to the age dependence of the radiosensitivity). For risks, the sex of the patient also plays an important role, as female patients show higher sensitivity to radiation. Thus, predicted risks of craniospinal irradiation can range from 8% for a 15-year-old male patient to 58% for a 2-year-old female patient, using a risk model from a radiological protection field. These values must be taken with caution due to uncertainties in risk models, and then dosimetric evaluation of stray radiation becomes mandatory in order to complement epidemiological studies and be able to model appropriate dose–response functions for this dose range. In this sense, analytical models represent a useful tool and some models have been implemented to be used for young patients. Research carried out so far confirmed that proton beam therapy reduces the out-of-field doses and second cancer risk. However, further investigations may be required in scanned-beam delivery systems. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9197425 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91974252022-06-15 Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview Romero-Expósito, Maite Toma-Dasu, Iuliana Dasu, Alexandru Front Oncol Oncology Proton therapy has the potential to provide survival and tumor control outcomes comparable and frequently superior to photon therapy. This has led to a significant concern in the medical physics community on the risk for the induction of second cancers in all patients and especially in younger patients, as they are considered more radiosensitive than adults and have an even longer expected lifetime after treatment. Thus, our purpose is to present an overview of the research carried out on the evaluation of out-of-field doses linked to second cancer induction and the prediction of this risk. Most investigations consisted of Monte Carlo simulations in passive beam facilities for clinical scenarios. These works established that equivalent doses in organs could be up to 200 mSv or 900 mSv for a brain or a craniospinal treatment, respectively. The major contribution to this dose comes from the secondary neutrons produced in the beam line elements. Few works focused on scanned-beam facilities, but available data show that, for these facilities, equivalent doses could be between 2 and 50 times lower. Patient age is a relevant factor in the dose level, especially for younger patients (by means of the size of the body) and, in addition, in the predicted risk by models (due to the age dependence of the radiosensitivity). For risks, the sex of the patient also plays an important role, as female patients show higher sensitivity to radiation. Thus, predicted risks of craniospinal irradiation can range from 8% for a 15-year-old male patient to 58% for a 2-year-old female patient, using a risk model from a radiological protection field. These values must be taken with caution due to uncertainties in risk models, and then dosimetric evaluation of stray radiation becomes mandatory in order to complement epidemiological studies and be able to model appropriate dose–response functions for this dose range. In this sense, analytical models represent a useful tool and some models have been implemented to be used for young patients. Research carried out so far confirmed that proton beam therapy reduces the out-of-field doses and second cancer risk. However, further investigations may be required in scanned-beam delivery systems. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-05-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9197425/ /pubmed/35712488 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.892078 Text en Copyright © 2022 Romero-Expósito, Toma-Dasu and Dasu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Oncology Romero-Expósito, Maite Toma-Dasu, Iuliana Dasu, Alexandru Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview |
title | Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview |
title_full | Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview |
title_fullStr | Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview |
title_full_unstemmed | Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview |
title_short | Determining Out-of-Field Doses and Second Cancer Risk From Proton Therapy in Young Patients—An Overview |
title_sort | determining out-of-field doses and second cancer risk from proton therapy in young patients—an overview |
topic | Oncology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9197425/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35712488 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.892078 |
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