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Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study
BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. AIM: To evaluate the impact of tiered NPIs and a nationwide lockdown on reduction of COVID-19 incidence during the second and third epidemic waves in Portugal. METHODS: Surveillance da...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9198658/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35686568 http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.23.2100497 |
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author | Torres, Ana Rita Rodrigues, Ana Paula Sousa-Uva, Mafalda Kislaya, Irina Silva, Susana Antunes, Liliana Dias, Carlos Nunes, Baltazar |
author_facet | Torres, Ana Rita Rodrigues, Ana Paula Sousa-Uva, Mafalda Kislaya, Irina Silva, Susana Antunes, Liliana Dias, Carlos Nunes, Baltazar |
author_sort | Torres, Ana Rita |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. AIM: To evaluate the impact of tiered NPIs and a nationwide lockdown on reduction of COVID-19 incidence during the second and third epidemic waves in Portugal. METHODS: Surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were used to conduct an interrupted time series analysis to estimate changes in daily incidence during a second wave tiered NPI period (9 November–18 December 2020), and a third wave lockdown period without (15–21 January 2021) and with school closure (22 January–10 February 2021). RESULTS: Significant changes in trends were observed for the overall incidence rate; declining trends were observed for tiered NPIs (−1.9% per day; incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.981; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.973–0.989) and a lockdown period without (−3.4% per day; IRR: 0.966; 95% CI: 0.935–0.998) and with school closure (−10.3% per day, IRR: 0.897; 95% CI: 0.846–0.951). Absolute effects associated with tiered NPIs and a lockdown on a subsequent 14-day period yielded 137 cases and 437 cases per 100,000 population potentially averted, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that tiered NPIs implemented during the second wave caused a decline in COVID-19 incidence, although modest. Moreover, a third wave lockdown without school closure was effective in reducing COVID-19 incidence, but the addition of school closure provided the strongest effect. These findings emphasise the importance of early and assertive decision-making to control the pandemic. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9198658 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-91986582022-06-27 Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study Torres, Ana Rita Rodrigues, Ana Paula Sousa-Uva, Mafalda Kislaya, Irina Silva, Susana Antunes, Liliana Dias, Carlos Nunes, Baltazar Euro Surveill Research BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. AIM: To evaluate the impact of tiered NPIs and a nationwide lockdown on reduction of COVID-19 incidence during the second and third epidemic waves in Portugal. METHODS: Surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were used to conduct an interrupted time series analysis to estimate changes in daily incidence during a second wave tiered NPI period (9 November–18 December 2020), and a third wave lockdown period without (15–21 January 2021) and with school closure (22 January–10 February 2021). RESULTS: Significant changes in trends were observed for the overall incidence rate; declining trends were observed for tiered NPIs (−1.9% per day; incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.981; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.973–0.989) and a lockdown period without (−3.4% per day; IRR: 0.966; 95% CI: 0.935–0.998) and with school closure (−10.3% per day, IRR: 0.897; 95% CI: 0.846–0.951). Absolute effects associated with tiered NPIs and a lockdown on a subsequent 14-day period yielded 137 cases and 437 cases per 100,000 population potentially averted, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that tiered NPIs implemented during the second wave caused a decline in COVID-19 incidence, although modest. Moreover, a third wave lockdown without school closure was effective in reducing COVID-19 incidence, but the addition of school closure provided the strongest effect. These findings emphasise the importance of early and assertive decision-making to control the pandemic. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 2022-06-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9198658/ /pubmed/35686568 http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.23.2100497 Text en This article is copyright of the authors or their affiliated institutions, 2022. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. |
spellingShingle | Research Torres, Ana Rita Rodrigues, Ana Paula Sousa-Uva, Mafalda Kislaya, Irina Silva, Susana Antunes, Liliana Dias, Carlos Nunes, Baltazar Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study |
title | Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study |
title_full | Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study |
title_fullStr | Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study |
title_full_unstemmed | Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study |
title_short | Impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third COVID-19 epidemic waves in Portugal, 9 November 2020 to 10 February 2021: an ecological study |
title_sort | impact of stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions applied during the second and third covid-19 epidemic waves in portugal, 9 november 2020 to 10 february 2021: an ecological study |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9198658/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35686568 http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.23.2100497 |
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