Solvent-Free Method for Defect Reduction and Improved Performance of p-i-n Vapor-Deposited Perovskite Solar Cells

[Image: see text] As perovskite-based photovoltaics near commercialization, it is imperative to develop industrial-scale defect-passivation techniques. Vapor deposition is a solvent-free fabrication technique that is widely implemented in industry and can be used to fabricate metal-halide perovskite thin films. We demonstrate markably improved growth and optoelectronic properties for vapor-deposited [CH(NH(2))(2)](0.83)Cs(0.17)PbI(3) perovskite solar cells by partially substituting PbI(2) for PbCl(2) as the inorganic precursor. We find the partial substitution of PbI(2) for PbCl(2) enhances photoluminescence lifetimes from 5.6 ns to over 100 ns, photoluminescence quantum yields by more than an order of magnitude, and charge-carrier mobility from 46 cm(2)/(V s) to 56 cm(2)/(V s). This results in improved solar-cell power conversion efficiency, from 16.4% to 19.3% for the devices employing perovskite films deposited with 20% substitution of PbI(2) for PbCl(2). Our method presents a scalable, dry, and solvent-free route to reducing nonradiative recombination centers and hence improving the performance of vapor-deposited metal-halide perovskite solar cells.