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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown
INTRODUCTION: Italy is one of the high-income countries hit hardest by Covid-19. During the first months of the pandemic, Italian healthcare workers were praised by media and the public for their efforts to face the emergency, although with limited knowledge and resources. However, healthcare worker...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200968/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35722544 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867080 |
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author | Moro, Maria Francesca Calamandrei, Gemma Poli, Ranieri Di Mattei, Valentina Perra, Alessandra Kurotschka, Peter Konstantin Restrepo, Alexandra Romano, Ferdinando La Torre, Giuseppe Preti, Emanuele Mascayano, Franco Picardi, Angelo Chiarotti, Flavia Rapisarda, Venerando Urban, Antonio Alvarado, Ruben Susser, Ezra Carta, Mauro Giovanni |
author_facet | Moro, Maria Francesca Calamandrei, Gemma Poli, Ranieri Di Mattei, Valentina Perra, Alessandra Kurotschka, Peter Konstantin Restrepo, Alexandra Romano, Ferdinando La Torre, Giuseppe Preti, Emanuele Mascayano, Franco Picardi, Angelo Chiarotti, Flavia Rapisarda, Venerando Urban, Antonio Alvarado, Ruben Susser, Ezra Carta, Mauro Giovanni |
author_sort | Moro, Maria Francesca |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Italy is one of the high-income countries hit hardest by Covid-19. During the first months of the pandemic, Italian healthcare workers were praised by media and the public for their efforts to face the emergency, although with limited knowledge and resources. However, healthcare workers soon had to face new challenges at a time when the national health system was working hard to recover. This study focuses on this difficult period to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Italian healthcare workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthcare workers from all Italian regions [n = 5,502] completed an online questionnaire during the reopening phase after the first wave lockdown. We assessed a set of individual-level factors (e.g., stigma and violence against HCWs) and a set of workplace-level factors (e.g., trust in the workplace capacity to handle COVID-19) that were especially relevant in this context. The primary outcomes assessed were score ≥15 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and score ≥4 on the General Health Questionnaire-12, indicators of clinically significant depressive symptoms and psychological distress, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were performed on depressive symptoms and psychological distress for each individual- and workplace-level factor adjusting for gender, age, and profession. RESULTS: Clinically significant depressive symptoms were observed in 7.5% and psychological distress in 37.9% of HCWs. 30.5% of healthcare workers reported having felt stigmatized or discriminated, while 5.7% reported having experienced violence. Feeling stigmatized or discriminated and experiencing violence due to being a healthcare worker were strongly associated with clinically significant depressive symptoms [OR 2.98, 95%CI 2.36–3.77 and OR 4.72 95%CI 3.41–6.54] and psychological distress [OR 2.30, 95%CI 2.01–2.64 and OR 2.85 95%CI 2.16–3.75]. Numerous workplace-level factors, e.g., trust in the workplace capacity to handle COVID-19 [OR 2.43, 95%CI 1.92–3.07] and close contact with a co-worker who died of COVID-19 [OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.56–2.70] were also associated with clinically significant depressive symptoms. Similar results were found for psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our study emphasizes the need to address discrimination and violence against healthcare professionals and improve healthcare work environments to strengthen the national health system's capacity to manage future emergencies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9200968 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92009682022-06-17 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown Moro, Maria Francesca Calamandrei, Gemma Poli, Ranieri Di Mattei, Valentina Perra, Alessandra Kurotschka, Peter Konstantin Restrepo, Alexandra Romano, Ferdinando La Torre, Giuseppe Preti, Emanuele Mascayano, Franco Picardi, Angelo Chiarotti, Flavia Rapisarda, Venerando Urban, Antonio Alvarado, Ruben Susser, Ezra Carta, Mauro Giovanni Front Psychiatry Psychiatry INTRODUCTION: Italy is one of the high-income countries hit hardest by Covid-19. During the first months of the pandemic, Italian healthcare workers were praised by media and the public for their efforts to face the emergency, although with limited knowledge and resources. However, healthcare workers soon had to face new challenges at a time when the national health system was working hard to recover. This study focuses on this difficult period to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Italian healthcare workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthcare workers from all Italian regions [n = 5,502] completed an online questionnaire during the reopening phase after the first wave lockdown. We assessed a set of individual-level factors (e.g., stigma and violence against HCWs) and a set of workplace-level factors (e.g., trust in the workplace capacity to handle COVID-19) that were especially relevant in this context. The primary outcomes assessed were score ≥15 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and score ≥4 on the General Health Questionnaire-12, indicators of clinically significant depressive symptoms and psychological distress, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were performed on depressive symptoms and psychological distress for each individual- and workplace-level factor adjusting for gender, age, and profession. RESULTS: Clinically significant depressive symptoms were observed in 7.5% and psychological distress in 37.9% of HCWs. 30.5% of healthcare workers reported having felt stigmatized or discriminated, while 5.7% reported having experienced violence. Feeling stigmatized or discriminated and experiencing violence due to being a healthcare worker were strongly associated with clinically significant depressive symptoms [OR 2.98, 95%CI 2.36–3.77 and OR 4.72 95%CI 3.41–6.54] and psychological distress [OR 2.30, 95%CI 2.01–2.64 and OR 2.85 95%CI 2.16–3.75]. Numerous workplace-level factors, e.g., trust in the workplace capacity to handle COVID-19 [OR 2.43, 95%CI 1.92–3.07] and close contact with a co-worker who died of COVID-19 [OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.56–2.70] were also associated with clinically significant depressive symptoms. Similar results were found for psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our study emphasizes the need to address discrimination and violence against healthcare professionals and improve healthcare work environments to strengthen the national health system's capacity to manage future emergencies. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-06-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9200968/ /pubmed/35722544 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867080 Text en Copyright © 2022 Moro, Calamandrei, Poli, Di Mattei, Perra, Kurotschka, Restrepo, Romano, La Torre, Preti, Mascayano, Picardi, Chiarotti, Rapisarda, Urban, Alvarado, Susser and Carta. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychiatry Moro, Maria Francesca Calamandrei, Gemma Poli, Ranieri Di Mattei, Valentina Perra, Alessandra Kurotschka, Peter Konstantin Restrepo, Alexandra Romano, Ferdinando La Torre, Giuseppe Preti, Emanuele Mascayano, Franco Picardi, Angelo Chiarotti, Flavia Rapisarda, Venerando Urban, Antonio Alvarado, Ruben Susser, Ezra Carta, Mauro Giovanni The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown |
title | The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown |
title_full | The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown |
title_fullStr | The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown |
title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown |
title_short | The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in Italy: Analyzing the Role of Individual and Workplace-Level Factors in the Reopening Phase After Lockdown |
title_sort | impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers in italy: analyzing the role of individual and workplace-level factors in the reopening phase after lockdown |
topic | Psychiatry |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200968/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35722544 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867080 |
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