Effects of implant surface mechanical instrumentation methods on peri-implantitis: An in vitro study using a circumferential bone defect model

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Although several mechanical and chemical debridement techniques have been reported for the management of peri-implantitis, there is no consensus on the most effective method at present. This in vitro study aimed to examine the effects of different mechanical instrumentation techniques on the debridement of hard calcified materials, which are present on the implant surface, as well as the effect of the defect morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a total of 15 implants, five each were assigned to one of three decontamination groups (Rotary titanium brush [Ti], tricalcium phosphate air powder abrasive treatment [Air], and titanium ultrasonic scaler [US] groups); the exposed hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated portion was divided into three 1-mm sections (coronal, middle, and apical). The residual-HA of each portion was measured using a digital microscope. RESULTS: The overall percentage of residual HA coating was significantly lower in the US group than in the Ti or Air groups (p < 0.01). The percentage of residual HA in the coronal portion was significantly lower in the Ti and US groups than in the Air group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). The percentage of residual HA in the middle portion was significantly lower in the US group than in the Air group (p < 0.01). The percentage of residual HA in the apical portion was significantly lower in the Ti group than in the Air or US groups (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Ti and US were more effective for shallow defects, whereas US was more effective for deeper defects.