Hemodynamic and metabolic correspondence of resting-state voxel-based physiological metrics in healthy adults

Voxel-based physiological (VBP) variables derived from blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI time-course variations include: amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF), fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo). Although these BOLD-derived variables can detect between-group (e.g. disease vs control) spatial pattern differences, physiological interpretations are not well established. The primary objective of this study was to quantify spatial correspondences between BOLD VBP variables and PET measurements of cerebral metabolic rate and hemodynamics, being well-validated physiological standards. To this end, quantitative, whole-brain PET images of metabolic rate of glucose (MRGlu; (18)FDG) and oxygen (MRO(2); (15)OO), blood flow (BF; H(2)(15)O) and blood volume (BV; C(15)O) were obtained in 16 healthy controls. In the same subjects, BOLD time-courses were obtained for computation of ALFF, fALFF and ReHo images. PET variables were compared pair-wise with BOLD variables. In group-averaged, across-region analyses, ALFF corresponded significantly only with BV (R = 0.64; p < 0.0001). fALFF corresponded most strongly with MRGlu (R = 0.79; p < 0.0001), but also significantly (p < 0.0001) with MRO(2) (R = 0.68), BF (R = 0.68) and BV (R = 0.68). ReHo performed similarly to fALFF, with significant strong correspondence (p < 0.0001) with MRGlu (R = 0.78), MRO(2) (R = 0.54), and, but less strongly with BF (R = 0.50) and BV (R = 0.50). Mutual information analyses further clarified these physiological interpretations. When conditioned by BV, ALFF retained no significant MRGlu, MRO(2) or BF information. When conditioned by MRGlu, fALFF and ReHo retained no significant MRO(2), BF or BV information. Of concern, however, the strength of PET-BOLD correspondences varied markedly by brain region, which calls for future investigation on physiological interpretations at a regional and per-subject basis.