A comprehensive account of SARS-CoV-2 genome structure, incurred mutations, lineages and COVID-19 vaccination program

This review collates information on the onset of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 genome architecture, emergence of novel viral lineages that drove multiple waves of infection around the world and standard and fast track development of vaccines. With the passage of time, the continuously evolving SARS-CoV-2 has acquired an expanded mutational landscape. The functional characterization of spike protein mutations, the primary target of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines has revealed increased transmission, pathogenesis and immune escape potential in the variant lineages of the virus. The incurred mutations have also resulted in substantial viral neutralization escape to vaccines, monoclonal, polyclonal and convalescent antibodies presently in use. The present situation suggests the need for development of precise next-generation vaccines and therapeutics by targeting the more conservative genomic viral regions for providing adequate protection.