Cytoplasmic Beta and Gamma Actin Isoforms Reorganization and Regulation in Tumor Cells in Culture and Tissue

The cytoplasmic actin isoforms (β- and γ-actins) contribute greatly to cellular processes such as cel-cell and cell-matrix interactions, as well as cell polarization, motility and division. Distinct isoforms modulations are linked to serious pathologies, so investigations of underlying mechanisms would be of major relevance not only for fundamental research but also for clinical applications. Therefore, the study of the relevant mechanisms of change in the isoform’s balance is important for basic research and for clinical studies. The disruption of actin cytoskeleton and intercellular adhesions contribute to the neoplastic transformation, as it is important for the tumor growth, invasiveness and metastasis. Cytoplasmic actins display the functional diversity: β-actin is responsible for contractility, whereas γ-actin participates in the submembrane flexible cortex organization and direction cell motility. The involvement of β- and γ-actin in cell architecture, motility, division, and adhesion junctions in normal cells is not equivalent, and the major question was following: whether isoform ratio and the distribution in the cell corresponds to pathological function. Significant data were obtained in the study of tumor and normal cells in culture, as well as on clinical material of human tissues, and via selective regulation of β- and γ-actin’s expression. Investigation of the actins’ diversity and function in cancers may help to choose the benefit treatment strategies, and to design new therapies.