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Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria
Characterization and further development of underutilized/underexploited indigenous tropical seed oils are essential to supplement both nutritional and industrial needs of an ever-increasing African (and global) population. Before now and to our best knowledge, the previous research involved Canariu...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Nature Publishing Group UK
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9206677/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35717414 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14381-w |
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author | Omeje, Kingsley O. Ezema, Benjamin O. Ozioko, Juliet N. Omeje, Henry C. Ossai, Emmanuel C. Eze, Sabinus O. O. Okpala, Charles Odilichukwu R. Korzeniowska, Małgorzata |
author_facet | Omeje, Kingsley O. Ezema, Benjamin O. Ozioko, Juliet N. Omeje, Henry C. Ossai, Emmanuel C. Eze, Sabinus O. O. Okpala, Charles Odilichukwu R. Korzeniowska, Małgorzata |
author_sort | Omeje, Kingsley O. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Characterization and further development of underutilized/underexploited indigenous tropical seed oils are essential to supplement both nutritional and industrial needs of an ever-increasing African (and global) population. Before now and to our best knowledge, the previous research involved Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit specific to Nigeria appear to have been more on the evaluation of seed, pulp, and essential oils (from the seed), but much less on the pulp oil. To supplement existing information, this current work has aimed to biochemically characterize the Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of C. schweinfurthii fruit gathered from a community situated in the South-east of Nigeria. Specifically, the biochemical characterization comprised the determinations of proximate compositions, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid profile, as well as carotenoids, sterols, and tocopherols. Processing the fruit sample to pulp oil involved, among others, oven-drying, and grinding, prior to the Soxhlet extraction. Results of proximate components of C. schweinfurthii pulp oil showed the following trend: crude fat content (~ 49.32%) > carbohydrates (~ 37.93%) > moisture content (~ 8.62%) > ash content (~ 3.74%) > crude protein content (~ 0.39%) values. The lipid peroxidation attributes comprised acid (~ 23.60 mg KOH/g), peroxide (~ 33.91 mEq. O(2)/kg), iodine (~ 58.3 g/100 g), and saponification (~ 138.21 mg KOH/g) values. In addition to the free (~ 13.8%), saturated (~ 9.74%), and unsaturated (~ 90.26%) fatty acids, a total of fifteen (15) fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) spectral peaks were found, from caprylic acid (C8:0) to lignoceric acid (C24:0). Total tocopherol concentration amounted to ~ 73 mg/100 g, which comprised α, β, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocotrienol, with fair concentrations of carotenoids and sterols. Overall, the C. schweinfurthii pulp oil—biochemically competitive with a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acid, tocopherol, and sterol, suggests strong industrial promise. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9206677 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92066772022-06-20 Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria Omeje, Kingsley O. Ezema, Benjamin O. Ozioko, Juliet N. Omeje, Henry C. Ossai, Emmanuel C. Eze, Sabinus O. O. Okpala, Charles Odilichukwu R. Korzeniowska, Małgorzata Sci Rep Article Characterization and further development of underutilized/underexploited indigenous tropical seed oils are essential to supplement both nutritional and industrial needs of an ever-increasing African (and global) population. Before now and to our best knowledge, the previous research involved Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit specific to Nigeria appear to have been more on the evaluation of seed, pulp, and essential oils (from the seed), but much less on the pulp oil. To supplement existing information, this current work has aimed to biochemically characterize the Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of C. schweinfurthii fruit gathered from a community situated in the South-east of Nigeria. Specifically, the biochemical characterization comprised the determinations of proximate compositions, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid profile, as well as carotenoids, sterols, and tocopherols. Processing the fruit sample to pulp oil involved, among others, oven-drying, and grinding, prior to the Soxhlet extraction. Results of proximate components of C. schweinfurthii pulp oil showed the following trend: crude fat content (~ 49.32%) > carbohydrates (~ 37.93%) > moisture content (~ 8.62%) > ash content (~ 3.74%) > crude protein content (~ 0.39%) values. The lipid peroxidation attributes comprised acid (~ 23.60 mg KOH/g), peroxide (~ 33.91 mEq. O(2)/kg), iodine (~ 58.3 g/100 g), and saponification (~ 138.21 mg KOH/g) values. In addition to the free (~ 13.8%), saturated (~ 9.74%), and unsaturated (~ 90.26%) fatty acids, a total of fifteen (15) fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) spectral peaks were found, from caprylic acid (C8:0) to lignoceric acid (C24:0). Total tocopherol concentration amounted to ~ 73 mg/100 g, which comprised α, β, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocotrienol, with fair concentrations of carotenoids and sterols. Overall, the C. schweinfurthii pulp oil—biochemically competitive with a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acid, tocopherol, and sterol, suggests strong industrial promise. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-06-18 /pmc/articles/PMC9206677/ /pubmed/35717414 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14381-w Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Omeje, Kingsley O. Ezema, Benjamin O. Ozioko, Juliet N. Omeje, Henry C. Ossai, Emmanuel C. Eze, Sabinus O. O. Okpala, Charles Odilichukwu R. Korzeniowska, Małgorzata Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria |
title | Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria |
title_full | Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria |
title_fullStr | Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria |
title_full_unstemmed | Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria |
title_short | Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria |
title_sort | biochemical characterization of soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of canarium schweinfurthii engl. fruit in nigeria |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9206677/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35717414 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14381-w |
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