Coprescribing of opioids and high-risk medications in the USA: a cross-sectional study with data from national ambulatory and emergency department settings

OBJECTIVE: Describe trends in opioid plus high-risk medication coprescribing in the USA. DESIGN: Analyses of serial, cross-sectional, nationally representative data of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) over 2007–2016 and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) over 2007–2018. SETTING: US ambulatory (NAMCS) and emergency department (ED, NHAMCS) settings. PARTICIPANTS: Patient visits in which the patient was 18 years and older with an opioid prescription in the NAMCS or NHAMCS databases. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of opioid plus high-risk medication coprescribing. RESULTS: From a combined sample of 700 499 visits over 2007–2018, there were 105 720 visits (15.1%) where opioids were prescribed. n=31 825 were from NAMCS and n=73 895 were from NHAMCS. The mean prevalence of coprescription of opioids and high-risk medications for the combined NAMCS and NHAMCS sample was 18.4% in 2007, peaked at 33.2% in 2014 and declined to 23.8% in 2016. Compared with adults receiving opioid prescriptions alone, those coprescribed opioids and high-risk medications were older, more likely female, white and using private or Medicare insurance (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Coprescribing is more common in ambulatory than ED settings and has been declining, yet one in four patient visits where opioids were prescribed resulted in coprescribed, high-risk medications in 2016. Efforts and research to help lower the rates of high-risk prescribing are needed.