Pleural involvement in cryptococcal infection

Pleural involvement of cryptococcal infection is uncommon and is more commonly observed in immunocompromised hosts than in immunocompetent ones. Pleural involvement in cryptococcal infections can manifest with or without pleural effusion. The presence of Cryptococcus spp. in the effusion or pleura is required for the diagnosis of cryptococcal pleural infection, which is commonly determined by pleural biopsy, fluid culture, and/or detection of cryptococcal antigen in the pleura or pleural fluid.