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Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects
Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of micr...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9219990/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35740242 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061219 |
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author | Hatmal, Ma’mon M. Al-Hatamleh, Mohammad A. I. Olaimat, Amin N. Alshaer, Walhan Hasan, Hanan Albakri, Khaled A. Alkhafaji, Enas Issa, Nada N. Al-Holy, Murad A. Abderrahman, Salim M. Abdallah, Atiyeh M. Mohamud, Rohimah |
author_facet | Hatmal, Ma’mon M. Al-Hatamleh, Mohammad A. I. Olaimat, Amin N. Alshaer, Walhan Hasan, Hanan Albakri, Khaled A. Alkhafaji, Enas Issa, Nada N. Al-Holy, Murad A. Abderrahman, Salim M. Abdallah, Atiyeh M. Mohamud, Rohimah |
author_sort | Hatmal, Ma’mon M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview of the immunomodulatory constituents of HBM, highlighting its content of circulating microRNAs. The epigenetic effects of HBM are discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. HBM contains more than 1400 microRNAs. The majority of these microRNAs originate from the lactating gland and are based on the remodeling of cells in the gland during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect epigenetic patterns by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA regulation, which could ultimately result in alterations in gene expressions. Therefore, the unique microRNA profile of HBM, including exosomal microRNAs, is implicated in the regulation of the genes responsible for a variety of immunological and physiological functions, such as FTO, INS, IGF1, NRF2, GLUT1 and FOXP3 genes. Hence, studying the HBM miRNA composition is important for improving the nutritional approaches for pregnancy and infant’s early life and preventing diseases that could occur in the future. Interestingly, the composition of miRNAs in HBM is affected by multiple factors, including diet, environmental and genetic factors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9219990 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92199902022-06-24 Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects Hatmal, Ma’mon M. Al-Hatamleh, Mohammad A. I. Olaimat, Amin N. Alshaer, Walhan Hasan, Hanan Albakri, Khaled A. Alkhafaji, Enas Issa, Nada N. Al-Holy, Murad A. Abderrahman, Salim M. Abdallah, Atiyeh M. Mohamud, Rohimah Biomedicines Review Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview of the immunomodulatory constituents of HBM, highlighting its content of circulating microRNAs. The epigenetic effects of HBM are discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. HBM contains more than 1400 microRNAs. The majority of these microRNAs originate from the lactating gland and are based on the remodeling of cells in the gland during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect epigenetic patterns by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA regulation, which could ultimately result in alterations in gene expressions. Therefore, the unique microRNA profile of HBM, including exosomal microRNAs, is implicated in the regulation of the genes responsible for a variety of immunological and physiological functions, such as FTO, INS, IGF1, NRF2, GLUT1 and FOXP3 genes. Hence, studying the HBM miRNA composition is important for improving the nutritional approaches for pregnancy and infant’s early life and preventing diseases that could occur in the future. Interestingly, the composition of miRNAs in HBM is affected by multiple factors, including diet, environmental and genetic factors. MDPI 2022-05-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9219990/ /pubmed/35740242 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061219 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Hatmal, Ma’mon M. Al-Hatamleh, Mohammad A. I. Olaimat, Amin N. Alshaer, Walhan Hasan, Hanan Albakri, Khaled A. Alkhafaji, Enas Issa, Nada N. Al-Holy, Murad A. Abderrahman, Salim M. Abdallah, Atiyeh M. Mohamud, Rohimah Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects |
title | Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects |
title_full | Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects |
title_fullStr | Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects |
title_short | Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects |
title_sort | immunomodulatory properties of human breast milk: microrna contents and potential epigenetic effects |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9219990/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35740242 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061219 |
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