Molecular Detection of Venous Thrombosis in Mouse Models Using SPECT/CT

The efficacy of thrombolysis is inversely correlated with thrombus age. During early thrombogenesis, activated factor XIII (FXIIIa) cross-links [Formula: see text] 2-AP to fibrin to protect it from early lysis. This was exploited to develop an [Formula: see text] 2-AP-based imaging agent to detect early clot formation likely susceptible to thrombolysis treatment. In this study, this imaging probe was improved and validated using [Formula: see text] In SPECT/CT in a mouse thrombosis model. In vitro fluorescent- and [Formula: see text] In-labelled imaging probe-to-fibrin cross-linking assays were performed. Thrombus formation was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by endothelial damage (FeCl [Formula: see text]) or by ligation (stenosis) of the infrarenal vena cava (IVC). Two or six hours post-surgery, mice were injected with [Formula: see text] In-DTPA-A16 and ExiTron Nano 12000, and binding of the imaging tracer to thrombi was assessed by SPECT/CT. Subsequently, ex vivo IVCs were subjected to autoradiography and histochemical analysis for platelets and fibrin. Efficient in vitro cross-linking of A16 imaging probe to fibrin was obtained. In vivo IVC thrombosis models yielded stable platelet-rich thrombi with FeCl [Formula: see text] and fibrin and red cell-rich thrombi with stenosis. In the stenosis model, clot formation in the vena cava corresponded with a SPECT hotspot using an A16 imaging probe as a molecular tracer. The fibrin-targeting A16 probe showed specific binding to mouse thrombi in in vitro assays and the in vivo DVT model. The use of specific and covalent fibrin-binding probes might enable the clinical non-invasive imaging of early and active thrombosis.