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Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant

Every ecosystem shows multiple levels of species interactions, which are often difficult to isolate and to classify regarding their specific nature. For most of the observed interactions, it comes down to either competition or consumption. The modes of consumption are various and defined by the natu...

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Autores principales: Kruppert, Sebastian, Horstmann, Martin, Weiss, Linda C., Konopka, Elena, Kubitza, Nadja, Poppinga, Simon, Westermeier, Anna S., Speck, Thomas, Tollrian, Ralph
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9223663/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742915
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126474
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author Kruppert, Sebastian
Horstmann, Martin
Weiss, Linda C.
Konopka, Elena
Kubitza, Nadja
Poppinga, Simon
Westermeier, Anna S.
Speck, Thomas
Tollrian, Ralph
author_facet Kruppert, Sebastian
Horstmann, Martin
Weiss, Linda C.
Konopka, Elena
Kubitza, Nadja
Poppinga, Simon
Westermeier, Anna S.
Speck, Thomas
Tollrian, Ralph
author_sort Kruppert, Sebastian
collection PubMed
description Every ecosystem shows multiple levels of species interactions, which are often difficult to isolate and to classify regarding their specific nature. For most of the observed interactions, it comes down to either competition or consumption. The modes of consumption are various and defined by the nature of the consumed organism, e.g., carnivory, herbivory, as well as the extent of the consumption, e.g., grazing, parasitism. While the majority of consumers are animals, carnivorous plants can also pose a threat to arthropods. Water fleas of the family Daphniidae are keystone species in many lentic ecosystems. As most abundant filter feeders, they link the primary production to higher trophic levels. As a response to the high predatory pressures, water fleas have evolved various inducible defenses against animal predators. Here we show the first example, to our knowledge, in Ceriodaphnia dubia of such inducible defenses of an animal against a coexisting plant predator, i.e., the carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia x neglecta Lehm, Lentibulariaceae). When the bladderwort is present, C. dubia shows changes in morphology, life history and behavior. While the morphological and behavioral adaptations improve C. dubia’s survival rate in the presence of this predator, the life-history parameters likely reflect trade-offs for the defense.
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spelling pubmed-92236632022-06-24 Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant Kruppert, Sebastian Horstmann, Martin Weiss, Linda C. Konopka, Elena Kubitza, Nadja Poppinga, Simon Westermeier, Anna S. Speck, Thomas Tollrian, Ralph Int J Mol Sci Article Every ecosystem shows multiple levels of species interactions, which are often difficult to isolate and to classify regarding their specific nature. For most of the observed interactions, it comes down to either competition or consumption. The modes of consumption are various and defined by the nature of the consumed organism, e.g., carnivory, herbivory, as well as the extent of the consumption, e.g., grazing, parasitism. While the majority of consumers are animals, carnivorous plants can also pose a threat to arthropods. Water fleas of the family Daphniidae are keystone species in many lentic ecosystems. As most abundant filter feeders, they link the primary production to higher trophic levels. As a response to the high predatory pressures, water fleas have evolved various inducible defenses against animal predators. Here we show the first example, to our knowledge, in Ceriodaphnia dubia of such inducible defenses of an animal against a coexisting plant predator, i.e., the carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia x neglecta Lehm, Lentibulariaceae). When the bladderwort is present, C. dubia shows changes in morphology, life history and behavior. While the morphological and behavioral adaptations improve C. dubia’s survival rate in the presence of this predator, the life-history parameters likely reflect trade-offs for the defense. MDPI 2022-06-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9223663/ /pubmed/35742915 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126474 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Kruppert, Sebastian
Horstmann, Martin
Weiss, Linda C.
Konopka, Elena
Kubitza, Nadja
Poppinga, Simon
Westermeier, Anna S.
Speck, Thomas
Tollrian, Ralph
Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant
title Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant
title_full Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant
title_fullStr Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant
title_full_unstemmed Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant
title_short Facing the Green Threat: A Water Flea’s Defenses against a Carnivorous Plant
title_sort facing the green threat: a water flea’s defenses against a carnivorous plant
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9223663/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742915
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126474
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