Cardiac Allograft Rejection Induces Changes in Nucleocytoplasmic Transport: RANGAP1 as a Potential Non-Invasive Biomarker

The non-invasive diagnosis of acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a major challenge. We performed a molecular study analyzing the predictive capacity of serum RanGTPase AP1 (RANGAP1) for diagnosing ACR during the first year after heart transplantation (HT). We included the serum samples of 75 consecutive HT patients, extracted after clinical stability, to determine the RANGAP1 levels through ELISA. In addition, various clinical, analytical, and echocardiographic variables, as well as endomyocardial biopsy results, were collected. RANGAP1 levels were higher in patients who developed ACR (median 63.15 ng/mL; (inter-quartile range (IQR), 36.61–105.69) vs. 35.33 ng/mL (IQR, 19.18–64.59); p = 0.02). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis confirmed that RANGAP1 differentiated between patients with and without ACR (area under curve (AUC), 0.70; p = 0.02), and a RANGAP1 level exceeding the cut-off point (≥90 ng/mL) was identified as a risk factor for the development of ACR (OR, 6.8; p = 0.006). Two independent predictors of ACR identified in this study were higher RANGAP1 and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels. The analysis of the ROC curve of the model showed a significant AUC of 0.77, p = 0.001. Our findings suggest that RANGAP1 quantification facilitates risk prediction for the occurrence of ACR and could be considered as a novel non-invasive biomarker of ACR.