Associations between comorbid anxiety and sleep disturbance in people with bipolar disorder: Findings from actigraphy and subjective sleep measures

BACKGROUND: Studies show that comorbid anxiety disorders are common in people with bipolar disorder. However, little is known about whether this anxiety is associated with sleep disturbance. We investigated, in individuals with bipolar disorder, whether comorbid anxiety disorder is associated with sleep disturbance. METHODS: Participants were 101 (64% female) currently euthymic individuals with a history of bipolar disorder. Sleep disturbances were assessed using self-report measures of sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) and six weeks of sleep monitoring using actigraphy. Bipolar disorder and comorbid anxiety diagnoses were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Multiple regression analyses examined associations between comorbid anxiety and sleep disturbance, whilst controlling for confounding covariates known to impact on sleep. RESULTS: A comorbid anxiety disorder was associated with increased sleep disturbance as measured using the PSQI global score (B = 3.58, 95% CI 1.85–5.32, P < 0.001) but was not associated with sleep metrics (total sleep time, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset) derived using actigraphy. LIMITATIONS: Objective measures of sleep were limited to actigraphy, therefore we were not able to examine differences in sleep neurophysiology. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware that comorbid anxiety may increase the risk of experiencing subjective sleep disturbance in people with bipolar disorder. Research should assess for evidence of comorbid anxiety when examining associations between sleep and bipolar disorder. Future research should explore the mechanisms by which comorbid anxiety may contribute to subjective sleep disturbances in bipolar disorder using neurophysiological measures of sleep (i.e., polysomnography).