Relationship between Dietary Macronutrients Intake and the ATHLOS Healthy Ageing Scale: Results from the Polish Arm of the HAPIEE Study

Background: Despite extensive research, our knowledge on the relationship between nutrition and healthy ageing is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between the intake of macronutrients and a single measure of healthy ageing (ATHLOS Healthy Ageing Scale). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from 9906 randomly selected citizens of Krakow (Poland) who were 45–69 years of age and participants of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study. Macronutrient intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire. ATHLOS Health Ageing Scale was estimated from 41 variables in pooled data from 16 cohorts. Standardized beta coefficients were estimated using multivariable linear regression models. Results: In multivariable adjusted models, there were significant positive associations between the ATHLOS Healthy Ageing Scale score and intake of protein (b = 0.030, 95% CI 0.001; 0.059 in men; b = 0.056, 95% CI 0.027; 0.085 in women), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (b = 0.042, 95% CI 0.013; 0.071 in men; b = 0.035, 95% CI 0.006; 0.064 in women), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (b = 0.053, 95% CI 0.024; 0.082 in men; b = 0.063, 95% CI 0.034; 0.092 in women), and omega-3 PUFA (b = 0.031, 95% CI 0.002;0.060 in men; b = 0.054, 95% CI 0.026; 0.082 in women). Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with the ATHLOS Healthy Ageing Scale in women. Total fat intake was positively associated with the ATHLOS Healthy Ageing Scale in men. Conclusions: A number of nutrients were associated with the healthy ageing score, suggesting that dietary habits may play an important role in healthy ageing. Further research in other settings and with a prospective design is strongly warranted.