A study of apolipoprotein A1(ApoA1) and interleukin-10(IL-10) in diabetes with foot ulcers

BACKGROUND: The high morbidity, mortality and associated economic burden have entailed to identifying early biomarker of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules play a role in the chronic inflammation associated with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). AIM: This study aims to find the association between ApoA1, IL-10, TNF-α and diabetic foot ulcers, and whether their levels can assess the severity of the disease. METHOD: Two groups, diabetic mellitus without foot ulcers and diabetes with foot ulcers were recruited for the study. Detailed clinical history was obtained and blood was collected to measure TNF-α , IL-10 and Apo A1. The association between variables was analysed using Pearson correlation test. ROC analysis was used to identify cut-off values of ApoA1, IL-10 and TNF-α in diabetes patients with foot ulcers. RESULTS: The presence of pro-inflammatory parameter, TNF-α , was higher and anti-inflammatory biomarkers, HDL, ApoA1 and IL-10 were lower in patients of DFU than those without foot ulcers (p < 0.001). Increasing age, smoking, retinopathy, eGFR and inflammatory biomarkers like low levels of ApoA1 (p < 0.005) and IL-10 (p < 0.001) significantly contributed to the development of diabetic foot ulcers. ROC curve identified the cut-off for ApoA1 and IL-10 as 89.82mg/dL and 78.80pg/mL respectively. CONCLUSION: In the light of this study, ApoA1 has the potential to predict DFU. The finding proposes IL-10 (b = −0.37, p < 0.001) could be considered in stratifying DFU as per its severity.