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Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes
Distichiasis, an extra row of eyelashes emerging from meibomian gland orifices, occurs due to the metaplastic transition of sebaceous glands into the pilosebaceous unit. It can present congenitally, such as in lymphedema distichiasis syndrome, or secondary to acquired conditions, such as cicatrizing...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9240497/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35325995 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1141_21 |
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author | Singh, Swati |
author_facet | Singh, Swati |
author_sort | Singh, Swati |
collection | PubMed |
description | Distichiasis, an extra row of eyelashes emerging from meibomian gland orifices, occurs due to the metaplastic transition of sebaceous glands into the pilosebaceous unit. It can present congenitally, such as in lymphedema distichiasis syndrome, or secondary to acquired conditions, such as cicatrizing conjunctivitis, trachoma. This review summarizes the etiology of distichiasis, its presentation, the evolution of various surgical techniques, and their outcomes in human and animal eyes. The published literature has focused on the different treatment modalities and their outcomes; the etiopathogenesis of this condition remains elusive. Truncating mutations (missense, frameshift, and nonsense) in the Forkhead family gene FOXC2 are involved in the distichiasis–lymphedema syndrome. The treatment options are no different for congenital versus acquired distichiasis, with no specific available algorithms. Acquired distichiasis in cicatrizing ocular surface diseases is difficult to manage, and existing treatment options offer success rates of 50%–60%. The outcomes of electroepilation or direct cryotherapy are not as good as surgical excision of distichiatic lashes after splitting the anterior and posterior lamella under direct visualization. The marginal tarsectomy with or without free tarsoconjunctival graft has shown good results in eyes with congenital and acquired distichiasis. The details of differences between normal and distichiatic lash, depth, or course of distichiatic eyelashes remain largely unknown. Studies exploring the distichiatic eyelash depth might improve the outcomes of blind procedures such as cryotherapy or radiofrequency-assisted epilation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9240497 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Wolters Kluwer - Medknow |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92404972022-06-30 Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes Singh, Swati Indian J Ophthalmol Review Article Distichiasis, an extra row of eyelashes emerging from meibomian gland orifices, occurs due to the metaplastic transition of sebaceous glands into the pilosebaceous unit. It can present congenitally, such as in lymphedema distichiasis syndrome, or secondary to acquired conditions, such as cicatrizing conjunctivitis, trachoma. This review summarizes the etiology of distichiasis, its presentation, the evolution of various surgical techniques, and their outcomes in human and animal eyes. The published literature has focused on the different treatment modalities and their outcomes; the etiopathogenesis of this condition remains elusive. Truncating mutations (missense, frameshift, and nonsense) in the Forkhead family gene FOXC2 are involved in the distichiasis–lymphedema syndrome. The treatment options are no different for congenital versus acquired distichiasis, with no specific available algorithms. Acquired distichiasis in cicatrizing ocular surface diseases is difficult to manage, and existing treatment options offer success rates of 50%–60%. The outcomes of electroepilation or direct cryotherapy are not as good as surgical excision of distichiatic lashes after splitting the anterior and posterior lamella under direct visualization. The marginal tarsectomy with or without free tarsoconjunctival graft has shown good results in eyes with congenital and acquired distichiasis. The details of differences between normal and distichiatic lash, depth, or course of distichiatic eyelashes remain largely unknown. Studies exploring the distichiatic eyelash depth might improve the outcomes of blind procedures such as cryotherapy or radiofrequency-assisted epilation. Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 2022-04 2022-03-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9240497/ /pubmed/35325995 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1141_21 Text en Copyright: © 2022 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Singh, Swati Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes |
title | Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes |
title_full | Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes |
title_fullStr | Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes |
title_full_unstemmed | Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes |
title_short | Distichiasis: An update on etiology, treatment and outcomes |
title_sort | distichiasis: an update on etiology, treatment and outcomes |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9240497/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35325995 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1141_21 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT singhswati distichiasisanupdateonetiologytreatmentandoutcomes |