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Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator
Millimetre-wave frequencies are promising for sensitive detection of glucose levels in the blood, where the temperature effect is insignificant. All these features provide the feasibility of continuous, portable, and accurate monitoring of glucose levels. This paper presents a metamaterial-inspired...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9242449/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35767587 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269060 |
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author | Qureshi, Suhail Asghar Abidin, Zuhairiah Zainal Elamin, N. I. M. A. Majid, Huda Ashyap, Adel Y. I. Nebhen, Jamel Kamarudin, M. R. See, Chan Hwang Abd-Alhameed, R. A. |
author_facet | Qureshi, Suhail Asghar Abidin, Zuhairiah Zainal Elamin, N. I. M. A. Majid, Huda Ashyap, Adel Y. I. Nebhen, Jamel Kamarudin, M. R. See, Chan Hwang Abd-Alhameed, R. A. |
author_sort | Qureshi, Suhail Asghar |
collection | PubMed |
description | Millimetre-wave frequencies are promising for sensitive detection of glucose levels in the blood, where the temperature effect is insignificant. All these features provide the feasibility of continuous, portable, and accurate monitoring of glucose levels. This paper presents a metamaterial-inspired resonator comprising five split-rings to detect glucose levels at 24.9 GHz. The plexiglass case containing blood is modelled on the sensor’s surface and the structure is simulated for the glucose levels in blood from 50 mg/dl to 120 mg/dl. The novelty of the sensor is demonstrated by the capability to sense the normal glucose levels at millimetre-wave frequencies. The dielectric characteristics of the blood are modelled by using the Debye parameters. The proposed design can detect small changes in the dielectric properties of blood caused by varying glucose levels. The variation in the transmission coefficient for each glucose level tested in this study is determined by the quality factor and resonant frequency. The sensor presented can detect the change in the quality factor of transmission response up to 2.71/mg/dl. The sensor’s performance has also been tested to detect diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome. The sensor showed a linear shift in resonant frequency with the change in glucose levels, and an R(2) of 0.9976 was obtained by applying regression analysis. Thus, the sensor can be used to monitor glucose in a normal range as well as at extreme levels. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9242449 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92424492022-06-30 Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator Qureshi, Suhail Asghar Abidin, Zuhairiah Zainal Elamin, N. I. M. A. Majid, Huda Ashyap, Adel Y. I. Nebhen, Jamel Kamarudin, M. R. See, Chan Hwang Abd-Alhameed, R. A. PLoS One Research Article Millimetre-wave frequencies are promising for sensitive detection of glucose levels in the blood, where the temperature effect is insignificant. All these features provide the feasibility of continuous, portable, and accurate monitoring of glucose levels. This paper presents a metamaterial-inspired resonator comprising five split-rings to detect glucose levels at 24.9 GHz. The plexiglass case containing blood is modelled on the sensor’s surface and the structure is simulated for the glucose levels in blood from 50 mg/dl to 120 mg/dl. The novelty of the sensor is demonstrated by the capability to sense the normal glucose levels at millimetre-wave frequencies. The dielectric characteristics of the blood are modelled by using the Debye parameters. The proposed design can detect small changes in the dielectric properties of blood caused by varying glucose levels. The variation in the transmission coefficient for each glucose level tested in this study is determined by the quality factor and resonant frequency. The sensor presented can detect the change in the quality factor of transmission response up to 2.71/mg/dl. The sensor’s performance has also been tested to detect diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome. The sensor showed a linear shift in resonant frequency with the change in glucose levels, and an R(2) of 0.9976 was obtained by applying regression analysis. Thus, the sensor can be used to monitor glucose in a normal range as well as at extreme levels. Public Library of Science 2022-06-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9242449/ /pubmed/35767587 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269060 Text en © 2022 Qureshi et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Qureshi, Suhail Asghar Abidin, Zuhairiah Zainal Elamin, N. I. M. A. Majid, Huda Ashyap, Adel Y. I. Nebhen, Jamel Kamarudin, M. R. See, Chan Hwang Abd-Alhameed, R. A. Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator |
title | Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator |
title_full | Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator |
title_fullStr | Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator |
title_full_unstemmed | Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator |
title_short | Glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator |
title_sort | glucose level detection using millimetre-wave metamaterial-inspired resonator |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9242449/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35767587 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269060 |
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