Effect of agricultural activities on surface water quality from páramo ecosystems

Páramos are high mountain ecosystems strategic for water provision in South America. Currently, páramos are under threat due to agricultural intensification that impairs surface water sources. This research analyzed the effect of agriculture (spring onion—Allium fistulosum, potato—Solanum tuberosum, and livestock farming) on water quality in páramo ecosystems. A Hydrographic Unit upstream of the Jordan river catchment (Colombia) was selected and monitored in two different rainfall regimes, following the paired catchments and upstream-downstream approaches to compare water quality from natural and anthropic areas. Twenty-two parameters related to agricultural activities were analyzed (nutrients, salts, organic matter, sediments, and pathogens). The studied agricultural activities increased loads of surface water in quality in nitrates (0.02 to 2.56 mg N-NO(3)/L), potassium (0.13 to 1.24 mg K/L), and Escherichia coli (63 to 2718 FCU/100 mL), generating risks on the human health and promoting eutrophication. Total nitrogen and organic matter in the rainy season were higher than dry. BOD(5), COD, turbidity, and E. coli were above international standards for direct human consumption. However, water could be used for irrigation, livestock watering, and aquatic life ambient freshwater. The results show that a small land-use change of almost 15% from natural páramo vegetation to agricultural uses in these ecosystems impairs water quality, limiting its uses, and the need to harmonize small-scale livelihoods in the páramo with the sustainability of ecosystem service provision. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-21709-6.