Effect of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists on fat distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1Ras) are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. They not only reduce glucose, but also have a positive effect on weight loss. However, few studies have reported the effect of GLP‐1Ras on fat distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials on GLP‐1Ras and type 2 diabetes, published from inception to June 2021. Our main outcomes were the reductions of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Other anthropometric outcomes were also assessed. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tools to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation profiler version 3.6. Review Manager 5.4.1 and Stata 16.0 were used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies involving 541 patients were included. Compared with the control groups, the GLP‐1Ras groups showed reductions in VAT (standard mean difference −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.92, −0.17, I (2) = 79%, P = 0.005) and SAT (standard mean difference −0.44, 95% CI −0.60, −0.27, I (2) = 44%, P < 0.00001). In addition, bodyweight (weighted mean difference −3.59, 95% CI −4.30, −2.88, I (2) = 0%, P < 0.00001), waist circumference (weighted mean difference −3.09, 95% CI −4.66, −1.52, I (2) = 70%, P = 0.0001) and body mass index (weighted mean difference −1.11, 95% CI −1.35, −0.86, I (2) = 47%, P < 0.00001) were significantly decreased. According to the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, the level of evidence was low or moderate. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that GLP‐1Ras, especially liraglutide and exenatide, might play an active role in fat distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes. After treatment with GLP‐1Ras, both VAT and SAT decreased, and the decrease of VAT was numerically greater than that of SAT.