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Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia

BACKGROUND: Nchelenge District in northern Zambia suffers from holoendemic malaria transmission despite a decade of yearly indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated net (ITN) distributions. One hypothesis for this lack of impact is that some vectors in the area may forage in the early e...

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Autores principales: Gebhardt, Mary E., Krizek, Rachel S., Coetzee, Maureen, Koekemoer, Lizette L., Dahan-Moss, Yael, Mbewe, David, Lupiya, James Sichivula, Muleba, Mbanga, Stevenson, Jennifer C., Moss, William J., Norris, Douglas E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9250713/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35780113
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5
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author Gebhardt, Mary E.
Krizek, Rachel S.
Coetzee, Maureen
Koekemoer, Lizette L.
Dahan-Moss, Yael
Mbewe, David
Lupiya, James Sichivula
Muleba, Mbanga
Stevenson, Jennifer C.
Moss, William J.
Norris, Douglas E.
author_facet Gebhardt, Mary E.
Krizek, Rachel S.
Coetzee, Maureen
Koekemoer, Lizette L.
Dahan-Moss, Yael
Mbewe, David
Lupiya, James Sichivula
Muleba, Mbanga
Stevenson, Jennifer C.
Moss, William J.
Norris, Douglas E.
author_sort Gebhardt, Mary E.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Nchelenge District in northern Zambia suffers from holoendemic malaria transmission despite a decade of yearly indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated net (ITN) distributions. One hypothesis for this lack of impact is that some vectors in the area may forage in the early evening or outdoors. Anopheles gibbinsi specimens were identified in early evening mosquito collections performed in this study area, and further insight was gleaned into this taxon, including characterizing its genetic identity, feeding preferences, and potential role as a malaria vector. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected in July and August 2019 by CDC light traps in Nchelenge District in indoor sitting rooms, outdoor gathering spaces, and animal pens from 16:00–22:00. Host detection by PCR, COI and ITS2 PCR, and circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA were performed on all samples morphologically identified as An. gibbinsi, and a subset of specimens were selected for COI and ITS2 sequencing. To determine risk factors for increased abundance of An. gibbinsi, a negative binomial generalized linear mixed-effects model was performed with household-level variables of interest. RESULTS: Comparison of COI and ITS2 An. gibbinsi reference sequences to the NCBI database revealed > 99% identity to “Anopheles sp. 6” from Kenya. More than 97% of specimens were morphologically and molecularly consistent with An. gibbinsi. Specimens were primarily collected in animal pen traps (59.2%), followed by traps outdoors near where humans gather (24.3%), and traps set indoors (16.5%). Host DNA detection revealed a high propensity for goats, but 5% of specimens with detected host DNA had fed on humans. No specimens were positive for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Animal pens and inland households > 3 km from Lake Mweru were both associated with increased An. gibbinsi abundance. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of An. gibbinsi in Nchelenge District, Zambia. This study provided a species identity for unknown “An. sp. 6” in the NCBI database, which has been implicated in malaria transmission in Kenya. Composite data suggest that this species is largely zoophilic and exophilic, but comes into contact with humans and the malaria parasites they carry. This species should continue to be monitored in Zambia and neighbouring countries as a potential malaria vector. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5.
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spelling pubmed-92507132022-07-04 Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia Gebhardt, Mary E. Krizek, Rachel S. Coetzee, Maureen Koekemoer, Lizette L. Dahan-Moss, Yael Mbewe, David Lupiya, James Sichivula Muleba, Mbanga Stevenson, Jennifer C. Moss, William J. Norris, Douglas E. Malar J Research BACKGROUND: Nchelenge District in northern Zambia suffers from holoendemic malaria transmission despite a decade of yearly indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated net (ITN) distributions. One hypothesis for this lack of impact is that some vectors in the area may forage in the early evening or outdoors. Anopheles gibbinsi specimens were identified in early evening mosquito collections performed in this study area, and further insight was gleaned into this taxon, including characterizing its genetic identity, feeding preferences, and potential role as a malaria vector. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected in July and August 2019 by CDC light traps in Nchelenge District in indoor sitting rooms, outdoor gathering spaces, and animal pens from 16:00–22:00. Host detection by PCR, COI and ITS2 PCR, and circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA were performed on all samples morphologically identified as An. gibbinsi, and a subset of specimens were selected for COI and ITS2 sequencing. To determine risk factors for increased abundance of An. gibbinsi, a negative binomial generalized linear mixed-effects model was performed with household-level variables of interest. RESULTS: Comparison of COI and ITS2 An. gibbinsi reference sequences to the NCBI database revealed > 99% identity to “Anopheles sp. 6” from Kenya. More than 97% of specimens were morphologically and molecularly consistent with An. gibbinsi. Specimens were primarily collected in animal pen traps (59.2%), followed by traps outdoors near where humans gather (24.3%), and traps set indoors (16.5%). Host DNA detection revealed a high propensity for goats, but 5% of specimens with detected host DNA had fed on humans. No specimens were positive for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Animal pens and inland households > 3 km from Lake Mweru were both associated with increased An. gibbinsi abundance. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of An. gibbinsi in Nchelenge District, Zambia. This study provided a species identity for unknown “An. sp. 6” in the NCBI database, which has been implicated in malaria transmission in Kenya. Composite data suggest that this species is largely zoophilic and exophilic, but comes into contact with humans and the malaria parasites they carry. This species should continue to be monitored in Zambia and neighbouring countries as a potential malaria vector. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5. BioMed Central 2022-07-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9250713/ /pubmed/35780113 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Gebhardt, Mary E.
Krizek, Rachel S.
Coetzee, Maureen
Koekemoer, Lizette L.
Dahan-Moss, Yael
Mbewe, David
Lupiya, James Sichivula
Muleba, Mbanga
Stevenson, Jennifer C.
Moss, William J.
Norris, Douglas E.
Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia
title Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia
title_full Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia
title_fullStr Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia
title_full_unstemmed Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia
title_short Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia
title_sort expanded geographic distribution and host preference of anopheles gibbinsi (anopheles species 6) in northern zambia
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9250713/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35780113
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5
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