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Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection

Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern. It is associated with life threatening conditions including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C virus infects around 71 million people annually, resultantly 700,000 deaths worldwide. Extrahepatic associated chronic hepatitis C v...

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Autores principales: Tariq, Mehlayl, Shoukat, Abu Bakar, Akbar, Sedrah, Hameed, Samaia, Naqvi, Muniba Zainab, Azher, Ayesha, Saad, Muhammad, Rizwan, Muhammad, Nadeem, Muhammad, Javed, Anum, Ali, Asad, Aziz, Shahid
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: SAGE Publications 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9252020/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35795865
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221105957
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author Tariq, Mehlayl
Shoukat, Abu Bakar
Akbar, Sedrah
Hameed, Samaia
Naqvi, Muniba Zainab
Azher, Ayesha
Saad, Muhammad
Rizwan, Muhammad
Nadeem, Muhammad
Javed, Anum
Ali, Asad
Aziz, Shahid
author_facet Tariq, Mehlayl
Shoukat, Abu Bakar
Akbar, Sedrah
Hameed, Samaia
Naqvi, Muniba Zainab
Azher, Ayesha
Saad, Muhammad
Rizwan, Muhammad
Nadeem, Muhammad
Javed, Anum
Ali, Asad
Aziz, Shahid
author_sort Tariq, Mehlayl
collection PubMed
description Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern. It is associated with life threatening conditions including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C virus infects around 71 million people annually, resultantly 700,000 deaths worldwide. Extrahepatic associated chronic hepatitis C virus accounts for one fourth of total healthcare load. This review included a total of 150 studies that revealed almost 19 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus and 240,000 new cases are being reported each year. This trend is continually rising in developing countries like Pakistan where intravenous drug abuse, street barbers, unsafe blood transfusions, use of unsterilized surgical instruments and recycled syringes plays a major role in virus transmission. Almost 123–180 million people are found to be hepatitis C virus infected or carrier that accounts for 2%–3% of world’s population. The general symptoms of hepatitis C virus infection include fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, anorexia, fever malaise, nausea and constipation varying on severity and chronicity of infection. More than 90% of hepatitis C virus infected patients are treated with direct-acting antiviral agents that prevent progression of liver disease, decreasing the elevation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Standardizing the healthcare techniques, minimizing the street practices, and screening for viral hepatitis on mass levels for early diagnosis and prompt treatment may help in decreasing the burden on already fragmented healthcare system. However, more advanced studies on larger populations focusing on mode of transmission and treatment protocols are warranted to understand and minimize the overall infection and death stigma among masses.
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spelling pubmed-92520202022-07-05 Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection Tariq, Mehlayl Shoukat, Abu Bakar Akbar, Sedrah Hameed, Samaia Naqvi, Muniba Zainab Azher, Ayesha Saad, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Javed, Anum Ali, Asad Aziz, Shahid SAGE Open Med Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern. It is associated with life threatening conditions including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C virus infects around 71 million people annually, resultantly 700,000 deaths worldwide. Extrahepatic associated chronic hepatitis C virus accounts for one fourth of total healthcare load. This review included a total of 150 studies that revealed almost 19 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus and 240,000 new cases are being reported each year. This trend is continually rising in developing countries like Pakistan where intravenous drug abuse, street barbers, unsafe blood transfusions, use of unsterilized surgical instruments and recycled syringes plays a major role in virus transmission. Almost 123–180 million people are found to be hepatitis C virus infected or carrier that accounts for 2%–3% of world’s population. The general symptoms of hepatitis C virus infection include fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, anorexia, fever malaise, nausea and constipation varying on severity and chronicity of infection. More than 90% of hepatitis C virus infected patients are treated with direct-acting antiviral agents that prevent progression of liver disease, decreasing the elevation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Standardizing the healthcare techniques, minimizing the street practices, and screening for viral hepatitis on mass levels for early diagnosis and prompt treatment may help in decreasing the burden on already fragmented healthcare system. However, more advanced studies on larger populations focusing on mode of transmission and treatment protocols are warranted to understand and minimize the overall infection and death stigma among masses. SAGE Publications 2022-06-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9252020/ /pubmed/35795865 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221105957 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
spellingShingle Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Tariq, Mehlayl
Shoukat, Abu Bakar
Akbar, Sedrah
Hameed, Samaia
Naqvi, Muniba Zainab
Azher, Ayesha
Saad, Muhammad
Rizwan, Muhammad
Nadeem, Muhammad
Javed, Anum
Ali, Asad
Aziz, Shahid
Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection
title Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection
title_full Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection
title_fullStr Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection
title_full_unstemmed Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection
title_short Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: A comprehensive literature review on hepatitis C virus infection
title_sort epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis associated with a superbug: a comprehensive literature review on hepatitis c virus infection
topic Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9252020/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35795865
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221105957
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