Molecular characteristics and stable carbon isotope compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in wintertime aerosols of Northwest China

Dicarboxylic acids are one of the important water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols, causing adverse effects to both climate and human health. More attention has therefore been paid to organic acids in aerosols. In this study, the molecular distribution and diurnal variations of wintertime dicarboxylic acids in a rural site of Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China, were explored. Oxalic acid (C(2), day: 438.9 ± 346.8 ng m(−3), night: 398.8 ± 392.3 ng m(−3)) is the most abundant compound followed by methylglyoxal (mGly, day: 207.8 ± 281.1 ng m(−3), night: 222.9 ± 231.0 ng m(−3)) and azelaic (C(9), day: 212.8 ± 269.1 ng m(−3), night: 211.4 ± 136.7 ng m(−3)) acid. The ratios of C(9)/C(6) and C(9)/Ph indicating that atmospheric dicarboxylic acids in winter in the region mainly come from biomass burning. Furthermore, secondary inorganic ions (NO(3)(−), SO(4)(2−), and NH(4)(+)), relative humidity, liquid water content, and in-situ pH of aerosols are highly linearly correlated with C(2), suggesting that liquid phase oxidation is an important pathway for the formation of dicarboxylic acids. The δ(13)C analysis of C(2) suggested that lighter carbon isotope compositions tend to be oxidized to form aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosols (aqSOA), leading to the decay of (13)C in aqSOA products rather than aerosol aging. This study provides a theoretical basis for the mechanism of formation of dicarboxylic acid.