Diagnostic performance of echocardiography to predict cardiac tamponade after cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVES: Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening complication after cardiac surgery. Echocardiography, both transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE), may help to identify cardiac tamponade after surgery, but its diagnostic value remains unverified after cardiac surgery. METHODS: This retrospective single-centre cohort study used the electronic medical record and echocardiography database of the Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, a tertiary referral cardiothoracic centre, to identify patients who received echocardiography because they were clinically suspected of having cardiac tamponade within the 4 weeks after cardiac surgery. Overall diagnostic accuracy of both TTE and TEE was calculated (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and receiver operation characteristics curves). Subgroup analyses were performed based on the timing of the echocardiography after primary surgery (<24, 24–72, >72 h). RESULTS: The query identified 427 echocardiographs, 373 TTEs and 54 TEEs, being performed in 414 patients (65% males, mean age 67 years). Of them, 116 patients underwent surgical re-exploration in which a cardiac tamponade was determined in 105 patients with a 30-day mortality of 8.6%. The area under the receiver operation characteristics curve for echocardiography in the 4 weeks after cardiac surgery was 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72–0.84, P < 0.001]. In the first 24 h after surgery was the positive predictive value of echocardiography 58.3% (95% CI: 28.6–83.5) with an area under the curve of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.49–0.80, P = 0.06). The diagnostic accuracy improved over time for both TTE and TEE. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography in the 4 weeks after cardiac surgery for cardiac tamponade is acceptable and improves over time. However, in the early postoperative phase (<24 h), the diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography is poor.