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Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases
In light of an escalating prevalence of allergic disorders, it is crucial to fully comprehend their pathophysiology and etiology. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in the search for new therapeutic approaches concerning not only diseases’ symptoms, but also their underlying causes. The hygien...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9257936/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35812388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.907149 |
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author | Kaczynska, Agnieszka Klosinska, Martyna Janeczek, Kamil Zarobkiewicz, Michał Emeryk, Andrzej |
author_facet | Kaczynska, Agnieszka Klosinska, Martyna Janeczek, Kamil Zarobkiewicz, Michał Emeryk, Andrzej |
author_sort | Kaczynska, Agnieszka |
collection | PubMed |
description | In light of an escalating prevalence of allergic disorders, it is crucial to fully comprehend their pathophysiology and etiology. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in the search for new therapeutic approaches concerning not only diseases’ symptoms, but also their underlying causes. The hygiene hypothesis indicates a high correlation between limited exposure to pathogens in early childhood and the risk of developing allergic disorders. Bearing in mind the significance of respiratory and digestive systems’ mucous membrane’s first-line exposure to pathogens as well as its implications on the host’s immune response, a therapy targeted at aforesaid membranes could guarantee promising and extensive treatment outcomes. Recent years yielded valuable information about bacterial lysates (BLs) known for having immunomodulatory properties. They consist of antigen mixtures obtained through lysis of bacteria which are the most common etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections. They interact with dendritic cells located in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract by toll-like receptors. The dendritic cells present acquired antigens resulting in innate immune response development on the release of chemokines, both stimulating monocytes and NK cells maturation and promoting polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration. Moreover, they influence the adaptive immune system by stimulating an increase of specific antibodies against administered bacterial antigens. The significance of BLs includes not only an anti-inflammatory effect on local infections but also restoration of Th1/Th2 balance, as demonstrated mainly in animal models. They decrease Th2-related cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-13) and increase Th1-related cytokine levels (IFN-γ). The reestablishment of the balance of the immune response leads to lowering atopic reactions incidence which, in addition to reduced risk of inflammation, provides the alleviation and improvement of clinical manifestations of allergic disorders. In this review, we hereby describe mechanisms of BLs action, considering their significant immunomodulatory role in innate immunity. The correlation between local, innate, and adaptive immune responses and their impact on the clinical course of allergic disorders are discussed as well. To conclude our review, we present up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of BLs implemented in atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma prevention and treatment, especially in children. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9257936 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92579362022-07-07 Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases Kaczynska, Agnieszka Klosinska, Martyna Janeczek, Kamil Zarobkiewicz, Michał Emeryk, Andrzej Front Immunol Immunology In light of an escalating prevalence of allergic disorders, it is crucial to fully comprehend their pathophysiology and etiology. Such knowledge would play a pivotal role in the search for new therapeutic approaches concerning not only diseases’ symptoms, but also their underlying causes. The hygiene hypothesis indicates a high correlation between limited exposure to pathogens in early childhood and the risk of developing allergic disorders. Bearing in mind the significance of respiratory and digestive systems’ mucous membrane’s first-line exposure to pathogens as well as its implications on the host’s immune response, a therapy targeted at aforesaid membranes could guarantee promising and extensive treatment outcomes. Recent years yielded valuable information about bacterial lysates (BLs) known for having immunomodulatory properties. They consist of antigen mixtures obtained through lysis of bacteria which are the most common etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections. They interact with dendritic cells located in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract by toll-like receptors. The dendritic cells present acquired antigens resulting in innate immune response development on the release of chemokines, both stimulating monocytes and NK cells maturation and promoting polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration. Moreover, they influence the adaptive immune system by stimulating an increase of specific antibodies against administered bacterial antigens. The significance of BLs includes not only an anti-inflammatory effect on local infections but also restoration of Th1/Th2 balance, as demonstrated mainly in animal models. They decrease Th2-related cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-13) and increase Th1-related cytokine levels (IFN-γ). The reestablishment of the balance of the immune response leads to lowering atopic reactions incidence which, in addition to reduced risk of inflammation, provides the alleviation and improvement of clinical manifestations of allergic disorders. In this review, we hereby describe mechanisms of BLs action, considering their significant immunomodulatory role in innate immunity. The correlation between local, innate, and adaptive immune responses and their impact on the clinical course of allergic disorders are discussed as well. To conclude our review, we present up-to-date literature regarding the outcomes of BLs implemented in atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma prevention and treatment, especially in children. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-06-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9257936/ /pubmed/35812388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.907149 Text en Copyright © 2022 Kaczynska, Klosinska, Janeczek, Zarobkiewicz and Emeryk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Kaczynska, Agnieszka Klosinska, Martyna Janeczek, Kamil Zarobkiewicz, Michał Emeryk, Andrzej Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases |
title | Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases |
title_full | Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases |
title_fullStr | Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases |
title_full_unstemmed | Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases |
title_short | Promising Immunomodulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysates in Allergic Diseases |
title_sort | promising immunomodulatory effects of bacterial lysates in allergic diseases |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9257936/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35812388 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.907149 |
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