Supplementation of Dietary Crude Lentinan Improves the Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Barrier in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Infected by Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus

The effects of crude lentinan (CLNT) on the intestinal microbiota and the immune barrier were evaluated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). The results showed that supplementary CLNT declined the rainbow trout mortality caused by IHNV, which suggested that CLNT has preventive effects on IHNV infection. IHNV destroyed intestinal integrity, as well as caused the intestinal oxidative and damage in rainbow trout. Supplementary CLNT significantly strengthened the intestinal immune barrier by declining intestinal permeability, as well as enhancing intestinal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities in IHNV-infected rainbow trout (P<0.05). In addition, CLNT modified the aberrant changes of intestinal microbiota induced by IHNV, mainly represented by promoting the growths of Carnobacterium and Deefgea and inhibiting Mycobacterium and Nannocystis. Especially, supplementing with CLNT significantly promoted the growth of short-chain fatty acid–producing bacteria (P<0.05) and consequently increased the production of acetic acid, butanoic acid, and hexanoic acid in the intestine of IHNV-infected rainbow trout. Furthermore, it was speculated that CLNT could regulate the self-serving metabolic pathways of intestinal microbiota induced by IHNV, such as fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Together, CLNT played the antiviral effects on IHNV infection through strengthening the intestinal immune barrier, as well as regulating intestinal microbiota and SCFA metabolism in rainbow trout. The present data revealed that CLNT exerted a promising prebiotic role in preventing the rainbow trout from IHNV infection.