A millimeter-scale insight into formation mechanism of lacustrine black shale in tephra deposition background

To reveal the role of tephra in the deposition of black shale during periods of volcanic activity, we performed lithostratigraphic and geochemical analyses on 14 horizontally sliced samples drilled from a 2-cm-thick black shale interval in the lower Ch7 Member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, southern Ordos Basin. Results indicate that fewer plankton is preserved during tephra deposition than during periods of volcanic quiescence. With the decrease of volcanic activities and tephra deposition, the abundance of redox-sensitive trace elements (RSTEs) and biolimiting elements increases, while terrigenous elements gradually decrease, resulting in the improvement of organic matter (OM) preservation. Paleoenvironmental proxies suggest that the climate during the Late Triassic was generally warm and humid. However, subsequent intense volcanic eruptions may have caused climatic cooling that affected the water column, resulting in enhanced salinity, primary production, water stratification, and bottom water anoxia, leading to enhanced organic carbon production and preservation. Primary productivity and redox conditions controlled the accumulation of organic carbon. Although physical and chemical reactions relating to the deposition of tephra into water are short-lived, climate change induced by volcanic eruptions is the critical cause of black shale formation.