Renal Autologous Cell Therapy to Stabilize Function in Diabetes-Related Chronic Kidney Disease: Corroboration of Mechanistic Action With Cell Marker Analysis

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide disease without cure. Selected renal cells (SRCs) can augment kidney function in animal models. This study correlates the phenotypical characteristics of autologous homologous SRCs (formulated product called Renal Autologous Cell Therapy [REACT]) injected into patients’ kidneys with advanced type 2 diabetes-related CKD (D-CKD) to clinical and laboratory findings. METHODS: A total of 22 adults with type 2 D-CKD underwent a kidney biopsy followed by 2 subcortical injections of SRCs, 7 ± 3 months apart. There were 2 patients who had only 1 injection. We compared annualized estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slopes pre- and post-REACT injection using the 2009 CKD-EPI formula for serum creatinine (sCr) and the 2012 CKD-EPI Creatinine-Cystatin C equation and report clinical/laboratory changes. Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Analysis for renal progenitor lineages in REACT and donor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) analysis were performed. Longitudinal parameter changes were analyzed with longitudinal linear mixed effects model. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean diabetes duration was 18.4 ± 8.80 years, glycated hemoglobin (Hgb) was 7.0 ± 1.05, and eGFR was 40.3 ± 9.35 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) using the 2012 CKD-EPI cystatin C and sCr formulas. The annualized eGFR slope (2012 CKD-EPI) was −4.63 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year pre-injection and improved to −1.69 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year post-injection (P = 0.015). There were 7 patients who had an eGFR slope of >0 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) postinjection. SRCs were found to have cell markers of ureteric bud, mesenchyme cap, and podocyte sources and positive VEGF. There were 2 patients who had remote fatal adverse events determined as unrelated with the biopsies/injections or the REACT product. CONCLUSION: Our cell marker analysis suggests that SRCs may enable REACT to stabilize and improve kidney function, possibly halting type 2 D-CKD progression.