Spatial-Temporal Distribution, Morphological Transformation, and Potential Risk of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in the Contaminated Unconfined Aquifer from a Retired Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plant

The accumulation of nitrogen in groundwater in the industrial plots, especially the high ammonium, can result in a serious threat to the groundwater system in the urban area. This study monitored the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) of the polluted groundwater four times in one year in a retired nitrogenous fertilizer plant site with a production history of nearly 40 years, to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of DIN species (NH(4)(+)-N, NO(3)(−)-N, and NO(2)(−)-N) and the effects of groundwater environment on their transfer and transformation. The results showed that NH(4)(+)-N (<0.025 to 1310 mg/L) was the main DIN species (61.38–76.80%) with low mobility, whereas the concentration of NO(3)(−)-N and NO(2)(−)-N was 0.15–146 mg/L and <0.001–12.4 mg/L, accounting for 22.34–36.07% and 0.53–2.83% of total DIN, respectively. The concentration and proportion of NO(3)(−)-N and NO(2)(−)-N showed an upward trend with time, posing a threat to the safety of surrounding groundwater, and their high spatial-temporal variation was related to the morphological transformation and the transport. In the wet season, the pH and redox condition benefited the nitrification, and NO(3)(−)-N easily migrated from the deep soil solution to groundwater, hence the NO(3)(−)-N can be accumulated. Therefore, the analysis of species and behaviors of DIN in shallow groundwater is indispensable for environmental risk assessment.