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Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease

Astrocytes and microglia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system via their capacity to regulate neuronal transmission and prune synapses. Both astrocytes and microglia can undergo morphological and transcriptomic changes in response to infection with human...

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Autores principales: Spurgat, Michael S., Tang, Shao-Jun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265979/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35805105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132021
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author Spurgat, Michael S.
Tang, Shao-Jun
author_facet Spurgat, Michael S.
Tang, Shao-Jun
author_sort Spurgat, Michael S.
collection PubMed
description Astrocytes and microglia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system via their capacity to regulate neuronal transmission and prune synapses. Both astrocytes and microglia can undergo morphological and transcriptomic changes in response to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While both astrocytes and microglia can be infected with HIV, HIV viral proteins in the local environment can interact with and activate these cells. Given that both astrocytes and microglia play critical roles in maintaining neuronal function, it will be critical to have an understanding of their heterogeneity and to identify genes and mechanisms that modulate their responses to HIV. Heterogeneity may include a depletion or increase in one or more astrocyte or microglial subtypes in different regions of the brain or spine as well as the gain or loss of a specific function. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool that can be used to characterise these changes within a given population. The use of this method facilitates the identification of subtypes and changes in cellular transcriptomes that develop in response to activation and various disease processes. In this review, we will examine recent studies that have used scRNA-seq to explore astrocyte and microglial heterogeneity in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as in response to HIV infection. A careful review of these studies will expand our current understanding of cellular heterogeneity at homeostasis and in response to specific disease states.
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spelling pubmed-92659792022-07-09 Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease Spurgat, Michael S. Tang, Shao-Jun Cells Review Astrocytes and microglia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system via their capacity to regulate neuronal transmission and prune synapses. Both astrocytes and microglia can undergo morphological and transcriptomic changes in response to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While both astrocytes and microglia can be infected with HIV, HIV viral proteins in the local environment can interact with and activate these cells. Given that both astrocytes and microglia play critical roles in maintaining neuronal function, it will be critical to have an understanding of their heterogeneity and to identify genes and mechanisms that modulate their responses to HIV. Heterogeneity may include a depletion or increase in one or more astrocyte or microglial subtypes in different regions of the brain or spine as well as the gain or loss of a specific function. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool that can be used to characterise these changes within a given population. The use of this method facilitates the identification of subtypes and changes in cellular transcriptomes that develop in response to activation and various disease processes. In this review, we will examine recent studies that have used scRNA-seq to explore astrocyte and microglial heterogeneity in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as in response to HIV infection. A careful review of these studies will expand our current understanding of cellular heterogeneity at homeostasis and in response to specific disease states. MDPI 2022-06-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9265979/ /pubmed/35805105 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132021 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Spurgat, Michael S.
Tang, Shao-Jun
Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease
title Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease
title_full Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease
title_fullStr Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease
title_full_unstemmed Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease
title_short Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing: Astrocyte and Microglial Heterogeneity in Health and Disease
title_sort single-cell rna-sequencing: astrocyte and microglial heterogeneity in health and disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265979/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35805105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11132021
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