Effects of Preparation Conditions on the Efficiency of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on Ni(II)-Modified Cd(0).(25)Zn(0).(75)S Photocatalysts

Hydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel can be produced by photocatalytic procedures from aqueous systems, utilizing H(2)S, an industrial side-product, by conversion and storage of renewable solar energy. Although composites of CdS and ZnS prepared by co-precipitation are very efficient in heterogeneous photocatalytic H(2) generation, the optimal conditions for their synthesis and the effects of the various influencing factors are still not fully clarified. In this work, we investigated how the efficiency of Cd(0).(25)Zn(0).(75)S composites modified with Ni(II) was affected by the doping method, Ni-content, hydrothermal treatment, and presence of a complexing agent (ammonia) used in the preparation. The composition, optical, and structural properties of the photocatalysts prepared were determined by ICP, DRS, XRD, TEM, and STEM-EDS. Although hydrothermal treatment proved preferable for Ni-free composites, Ni-modification was more efficient for untreated composites precipitated from ammonia-containing media. The best efficiency (14.9% quantum yield at 380 nm irradiation, 109.8 mmol/g/h hydrogen evolution rate) achieved by surface modification with 0.1–0.3% Ni(II) was 15% and 20% better than those for hydrothermally treated catalyst and similarly prepared Pt-modified one, respectively. Structural characterization of the composites clearly confirmed that the Ni(2+) ions were not embedded into the CdS-ZnS crystal lattice but were enriched on the surface of particles of the original catalyst in the form of NiO or Ni(OH)(2). This co-catalyst increased the efficiency by electron-trapping, but its too high amount caused an opposite effect by diminishing the excitable surface of the CdS-ZnS particles.