TRPV1-Mediated Sensing of Sodium and Osmotic Pressure in POMC Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

The central melanocortin system conducted by anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) not only regulates feeding behavior but also blood pressure. Excessive salt intake raises the Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)]) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and worsens hypertension. The blood–brain barrier is immature in the ARC. Therefore, both AgRP and POMC neurons in the ARC have easy access to the electrolytes in the blood and can sense changes in their concentrations. However, the sensitivity of AgRP and POMC neurons to Na(+) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore how the changes in the extracellular Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)]) influence these neurons by measuring the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in the single neurons isolated from the ARC that were subsequently immunocytochemically identified as AgRP or POMC neurons. Both AgRP and POMC neurons responded to increases in both [Na(+)] and osmolarity in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) knockout (KO) mice, POMC neurons failed to respond to increases in both [Na(+)] and osmolarity, while they responded to high glucose and angiotensin II levels with increases in [Ca(2+)](i). Moreover, in KO mice fed a high-salt diet, the expression of POMC was lower than that in wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that changes in [Na(+)] and osmolarity are sensed by the ARC POMC neurons via the TRPV1-dependent mechanism.