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Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering

The use of soft tissue engineering scaffolds is an advanced approach to repairing damaged soft tissue. To ensure the success of this technique, proper mechanical and biocompatibility properties must be taken into consideration. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold was developed using dig...

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Autores principales: Fallahiarezoudar, Ehsan, Ngadiman, Nor Hasrul Akhmal, Yusof, Noordin Mohd, Idris, Ani, Ishak, Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9269070/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35808606
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132561
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author Fallahiarezoudar, Ehsan
Ngadiman, Nor Hasrul Akhmal
Yusof, Noordin Mohd
Idris, Ani
Ishak, Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul
author_facet Fallahiarezoudar, Ehsan
Ngadiman, Nor Hasrul Akhmal
Yusof, Noordin Mohd
Idris, Ani
Ishak, Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul
author_sort Fallahiarezoudar, Ehsan
collection PubMed
description The use of soft tissue engineering scaffolds is an advanced approach to repairing damaged soft tissue. To ensure the success of this technique, proper mechanical and biocompatibility properties must be taken into consideration. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold was developed using digital light processing (DLP) and ultra-hard and tough (UHT) bio-resin. The 3D scaffold structure consisted of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) nanoparticles mixed with UHT bio-resin. The solution sample for fabricating the scaffolds was varied with the concentration of the TPU (10, 12.5, and 15% wt/v) and the amount of ϒ-Fe(2)O(3) (1, 3, and 5% v/v) added to 15% wt/v of TPU. Before developing the real geometry of the sample, a pre-run of the DLP 3D printing process was done to determine the optimum curing time of the structure to be perfectly cured, which resulted in 30 s of curing time. Then, this study proceeded with a tensile test to determine the mechanical properties of the developed structure in terms of elasticity. It was found that the highest Young’s Modulus of the scaffold was obtained with 15% wt/v TPU/UHT with 1% ϒ-Fe(2)O(3). Furthermore, for the biocompatibility study, the degradation rate of the scaffold containing TPU/UHT was found to be higher compared to the TPU/UHT containing ϒ-Fe(2)O(3) particles. However, the MTT assay results revealed that the existence of ϒ-Fe(2)O(3) in the scaffold improved the proliferation rate of the cells.
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spelling pubmed-92690702022-07-09 Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering Fallahiarezoudar, Ehsan Ngadiman, Nor Hasrul Akhmal Yusof, Noordin Mohd Idris, Ani Ishak, Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul Polymers (Basel) Article The use of soft tissue engineering scaffolds is an advanced approach to repairing damaged soft tissue. To ensure the success of this technique, proper mechanical and biocompatibility properties must be taken into consideration. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold was developed using digital light processing (DLP) and ultra-hard and tough (UHT) bio-resin. The 3D scaffold structure consisted of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) nanoparticles mixed with UHT bio-resin. The solution sample for fabricating the scaffolds was varied with the concentration of the TPU (10, 12.5, and 15% wt/v) and the amount of ϒ-Fe(2)O(3) (1, 3, and 5% v/v) added to 15% wt/v of TPU. Before developing the real geometry of the sample, a pre-run of the DLP 3D printing process was done to determine the optimum curing time of the structure to be perfectly cured, which resulted in 30 s of curing time. Then, this study proceeded with a tensile test to determine the mechanical properties of the developed structure in terms of elasticity. It was found that the highest Young’s Modulus of the scaffold was obtained with 15% wt/v TPU/UHT with 1% ϒ-Fe(2)O(3). Furthermore, for the biocompatibility study, the degradation rate of the scaffold containing TPU/UHT was found to be higher compared to the TPU/UHT containing ϒ-Fe(2)O(3) particles. However, the MTT assay results revealed that the existence of ϒ-Fe(2)O(3) in the scaffold improved the proliferation rate of the cells. MDPI 2022-06-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9269070/ /pubmed/35808606 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132561 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Fallahiarezoudar, Ehsan
Ngadiman, Nor Hasrul Akhmal
Yusof, Noordin Mohd
Idris, Ani
Ishak, Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul
Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering
title Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering
title_full Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering
title_fullStr Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering
title_full_unstemmed Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering
title_short Development of 3D Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Maghemite (ϒ-Fe(2)O(3)) Using Ultra-Hard and Tough (UHT) Bio-Resin for Soft Tissue Engineering
title_sort development of 3d thermoplastic polyurethane (tpu)/maghemite (ϒ-fe(2)o(3)) using ultra-hard and tough (uht) bio-resin for soft tissue engineering
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9269070/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35808606
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132561
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