Serum gasdermin D levels are associated with the chest computed tomography findings and severity of COVID-19

BACKGROUND: The role of programmed cell death, especially pyroptosis and apoptosis, in unfavorable immune responses in COVID-19 remains to be elucidated. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to investigate the association between the serum gasdermin D (GSDMD) levels, a pyroptotic marker, and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 fragment (M30), an apoptotic marker, and the clinical status and abnormal chest computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with COVID-19. RESULTS: In this study, 46 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were divided into the following three groups according to the disease severity: mild to moderate group (n = 10), severe group (n = 14), and critical group (n = 22). The serum GSDMD levels were higher in the critical group than in the mild to moderate group (P = 0.016). In contrast, serum M30 levels were lower in the critical group than in the severe group (P = 0.048). Patients who required mechanical ventilation or died had higher serum GSDMD levels than those who did not (P = 0.007). Area of consolidation only and of ground glass opacity plus consolidation positively correlated with serum GSDMD levels (r = 0.56, P < 0.001 and r = 0.53, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Higher serum GSDMD levels are associated with critical respiratory status and the consolidation area on chest CT in patients with COVID-19, suggesting that excessive activation of pyroptosis may affect the clinical manifestations in patients with COVID-19.