Sodium doping in brookite TiO(2) enhances its photocatalytic activity

We report in this work that sodium doping of brookite TiO(2) effectively enhances its photocatalytic activity, which becomes three times higher than that of the quasi-spherical brookite TiO(2). The results demonstrated that the sodium-doped brookite Na(x)Ti(1−)(x)O(2) can be stable up to 500 °C. At 600°C, the sodium in the brookite precipitates in the form of Na(2)CO(3), and above 700 °C, the brookite Na(x)Ti(1−)(x)O(2) transforms into Na(2)Ti(6)O(13) by a twinning process with the orientation relationship of [1−2−3](Matrix)//[1−23](Twins) and (−2−10)(Matrix)//(1−1−1)(Twins). The differences in the ionic radius and the electronegativity between Na and Ti destroy the local atomic arrangement of the brookite structure and produce microstructures such as the core–shell structure, local lattice distortion, interstitial atoms, and atomic vacancies, which are critical to its excellent photocatalytic activity.