Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome due to corticosteroid therapy after resection of meningioma: illustrative case

BACKGROUND: Strongyloidiasis is an underdiagnosed and preventable life-threatening disease caused by infection with the helminth Strongyloides stercoralis. Chronic asymptomatic infection can be sustained for decades, and immunosuppression can lead to disseminated infection, with a mortality rate of 70%–100%. In the neurosurgical population, corticosteroids are the most consistent cause of hyperinfection. OBSERVATIONS: The authors present the case of a 33-year-old woman of Paraguayan origin who was diagnosed with sphenoid planum meningioma and treated with a high dose of corticosteroids on the basis of the diagnosis. She underwent surgery, and pathological anatomy reflected grade I meningioma. After the surgery, she started with a history of dyspnea, productive cough, fever, and urticarial rash. Later, she presented with intestinal pseudo-obstruction and bacterial meningitis with hydrocephalus. Serology was positive for Strongyloides (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and she was diagnosed with hyperinfection syndrome. Ivermectin 200 µg/kg daily was established. LESSONS: It may be of interest to rule out a chronic Strongyloides infection in patients from risk areas (immigrants or those returning from recent trips) before starting treatment with corticosteroids.