A narrative review of cortical visual prosthesis systems: the latest progress and significance of nanotechnology for the future

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We sought to review the latest developments in cortical visual prosthesis (CVP) systems and the significance of nanotechnology for the future. Over the past century, CVP systems have been researched and developed, resulting in various unique surgical and mechanical techniques. Research findings indicate that partial vision recovery is possible, with improvements in coarse target functions and performance in routine activities. METHODS: This review discusses the architecture and physiology of the visual cortex, the neuroplasticity of the blind brain, and the history of CVP development, and also provides an update on the CVP systems currently being examined in research and clinical trials. Due to advances in nanotechnology, it is possible to make CVPs that are smaller, more efficient, and more biocompatible than ever before. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS: Currently, 3 CVPs have entered clinical trials, and several additional systems are undergoing preclinical reviews to determine the safety of the devices for chronic implantation. This development provides the first indication that the area of cortical vision restoration medication may be able to meaningfully benefit blind people. However, several significant technical and biological challenges need to be solved before the gap between artificial and natural eyesight can be reconciled. Rapid breakthroughs in nanotechnology have considerably increased its use in biological domains. CONCLUSIONS: This paper summarizes the recent progress of CVP in recent years and its future development direction. It is forecasted that nanotechnology can provide better technical support for the development of CVP.