Oral application of vancomycin alters murine lung microbiome and pulmonary immune responses

Early life exposures to antibiotics negatively impact respiratory health and are associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma. It is explained that the lung is inclined to develop chronic inflammatory phenotypes due to early antibiotic alteration in the gut microbiome. We investigated whether a gut‐targeted antibiotic has an impact on the lung microbiome and on pulmonary immunity. Fourteen‐day old C57BL/6 mice were administered with vancomycin via oral gavage for 3 days (1 time/day). Control groups were treated with clarithromycin and phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Five days after treatment, the cecum and lung microbiome, and pulmonary immune response were analyzed. Vancomycin treatment decreased the relative abundance of the genera Clostridium XIVa and Alistipes and the family Lachnospiraceae in the cecum. Furthermore, the relative abundance of the family Parabacteroidetes and the genus Lactobacillus were increased, whereas the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes was decreased. In the lung, vancomycin treatment reduced bacteria belonging to Clostridium XIVa and the family Lachnospiraceae as compared to those in the clarithromycin treated group. Lung cells from the vancomycin‐treated mice released higher levels of interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐13 compared to those from the PBS group, and increased levels of IL‐6, IFN‐γ, and TNFα compared to lung cells from the clarithromycin and PBS treated mice. Our pilot study suggests that alteration in the gut microbiome could affect bacterial composition and immunity of the lung hence proposes a gut–lung microbiome axis in early life.