Accelerating Protein Folding Molecular Dynamics Using Inter-Residue Distances from Machine Learning Servers

[Image: see text] Recently, predicting the native structures of proteins has become possible using computational molecular physics (CMP)—physics-based force fields sampled with proper statistics—but only for small proteins. Algorithms with better scaling are needed. We describe ML x MELD x MD, a molecular dynamics (MD) method that inputs residue contacts derived from machine learning (ML) servers into MELD, a Bayesian accelerator that preserves detailed-balance statistics. Contacts are derived from trRosetta-predicted distance histograms (distograms) and are integrated into MELD’s atomistic MD as spatial restraints through parametrized potential functions. In the CASP14 blind prediction event, ML x MELD x MD predicted 13 native structures to better than 4.5 Å error, including for 10 proteins in the range of 115–250 amino acids long. Also, the scaling of simulation time vs protein length is much better than unguided MD: t(sim) ∼ e(0.023N) for ML x MELD x MD vs t(sim) ∼ e(0.168N) for MD alone. This shows how machine learning information can be leveraged to advance physics-based modeling of proteins.