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The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory
There is a growing interest in specifying the mechanisms underlying refreshing, i.e., the use of attention to keep working memory (WM) contents accessible. Here, we examined whether participants’ visual fixations during the retention interval of a WM task indicate the current focus of internal atten...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9282440/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35834590 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271116 |
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author | Loaiza, Vanessa M. Souza, Alessandra S. |
author_facet | Loaiza, Vanessa M. Souza, Alessandra S. |
author_sort | Loaiza, Vanessa M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | There is a growing interest in specifying the mechanisms underlying refreshing, i.e., the use of attention to keep working memory (WM) contents accessible. Here, we examined whether participants’ visual fixations during the retention interval of a WM task indicate the current focus of internal attention, thereby serving as an online measure of refreshing. Eye movements were recorded while participants studied and maintained an array of colored dots followed by probed recall of one (Experiments 1A and 1B) or all (Experiment 2) of the memoranda via a continuous color wheel. Experiments 1A and 2 entailed an unfilled retention interval in which refreshing is assumed to occur spontaneously, and Experiment 1B entailed a retention interval embedded with cues prompting the sequential refreshment of a subset of the memoranda. During the retention interval, fixations revisited the locations occupied by the memoranda, consistent with a looking-at-nothing phenomenon in WM, but the pattern was only evident when placeholders were onscreen in Experiment 2, indicating that most of these fixations may largely reflect random gaze. Furthermore, spontaneous fixations did not predict recall precision (Experiments 1A and 2), even when ensuring that they did not reflect random gaze (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1B, refreshing cues increased fixations to the eventually tested target and predicted better recall precision, which interacted with an overall benefit of target fixations, such that the benefit of fixations decreased as the number of refreshing cues increased. Thus, fixations under spontaneous conditions had no credible effect on recall precision, whereas the beneficial effect of fixations under instructed refreshing conditions may indicate situations in which cues were disregarded. Consequently, we conclude that eye movements do not seem suitable as an online measure of refreshing. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9282440 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92824402022-07-15 The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory Loaiza, Vanessa M. Souza, Alessandra S. PLoS One Research Article There is a growing interest in specifying the mechanisms underlying refreshing, i.e., the use of attention to keep working memory (WM) contents accessible. Here, we examined whether participants’ visual fixations during the retention interval of a WM task indicate the current focus of internal attention, thereby serving as an online measure of refreshing. Eye movements were recorded while participants studied and maintained an array of colored dots followed by probed recall of one (Experiments 1A and 1B) or all (Experiment 2) of the memoranda via a continuous color wheel. Experiments 1A and 2 entailed an unfilled retention interval in which refreshing is assumed to occur spontaneously, and Experiment 1B entailed a retention interval embedded with cues prompting the sequential refreshment of a subset of the memoranda. During the retention interval, fixations revisited the locations occupied by the memoranda, consistent with a looking-at-nothing phenomenon in WM, but the pattern was only evident when placeholders were onscreen in Experiment 2, indicating that most of these fixations may largely reflect random gaze. Furthermore, spontaneous fixations did not predict recall precision (Experiments 1A and 2), even when ensuring that they did not reflect random gaze (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1B, refreshing cues increased fixations to the eventually tested target and predicted better recall precision, which interacted with an overall benefit of target fixations, such that the benefit of fixations decreased as the number of refreshing cues increased. Thus, fixations under spontaneous conditions had no credible effect on recall precision, whereas the beneficial effect of fixations under instructed refreshing conditions may indicate situations in which cues were disregarded. Consequently, we conclude that eye movements do not seem suitable as an online measure of refreshing. Public Library of Science 2022-07-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9282440/ /pubmed/35834590 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271116 Text en © 2022 Loaiza, Souza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Loaiza, Vanessa M. Souza, Alessandra S. The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory |
title | The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory |
title_full | The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory |
title_fullStr | The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory |
title_full_unstemmed | The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory |
title_short | The eyes don’t have it: Eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory |
title_sort | eyes don’t have it: eye movements are unlikely to reflect refreshing in working memory |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9282440/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35834590 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271116 |
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