Impact of Triclosan on Female and Male Reproductive System and Its Consequences on Fertility: A Literature Review

Objective: Triclosan is an aromatic organic compound with antibacterial and fungicidal properties, most often used in soaps, toothpaste and other cosmetics. The study aimed to analyze the influence of triclosan on the female and male reproductive systems and the consequences on fertility. Materials and methods: A review of the latest literature derived from PubMed and Google Scholar platforms has been made. After following the search strategy, applying inclusion criteria and analysis of the obtained results assessed by two independent analysts, 45 studies were included in the review. Results: Due to the similar structure of triclosan (TCS) to anthropogenic estrogens, TCS can interact with hormone receptors, affect hormone balance, and influence reproductive health and carcinogenesis. It has been noted that TCS might affect luteal cell progesterone production and disrupt ovarian function. Prenatal exposure to the chemical can have an impact on the reproductive system of newborns. TCS might be a risk factor for endometrial physiology and impair reproduction. TCS negatively affects the male reproductive system via interrupting steroidogenesis mediated miRNA (micro-ribonucleic acid) pathways. Negative effects of TCS on early development and embryogenesis in animals were evidenced. Moreover, TCS has the potential to promote carcinogenesis in human breast, ovarian, and prostate cells. Conclusion: Potential impact of TCS on the reproductive system raises concern about its safety, due to its similar structure to anthropogenic estrogens and detection in the environment. TCS-induced disruption of hormone levels in the female and male reproductive systems may be the cause of impaired reproductive health, resulting in subfertility. Further investigations are required to evaluate the mechanisms and effect of TCS on human reproductive health.