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Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems

Holothurians are marine invertebrates that are among the most widespread benthic megafauna communities by both biomass and abundance in shallow‐water and deep‐sea ecosystems, their functions supporting important ecological services worldwide. Despite their simple appearance as sea cucumbers, holothu...

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Autores principales: Pierrat, Joséphine, Bédier, Alexandre, Eeckhaut, Igor, Magalon, Hélène, Frouin, Patrick
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9293300/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34647401
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12799
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author Pierrat, Joséphine
Bédier, Alexandre
Eeckhaut, Igor
Magalon, Hélène
Frouin, Patrick
author_facet Pierrat, Joséphine
Bédier, Alexandre
Eeckhaut, Igor
Magalon, Hélène
Frouin, Patrick
author_sort Pierrat, Joséphine
collection PubMed
description Holothurians are marine invertebrates that are among the most widespread benthic megafauna communities by both biomass and abundance in shallow‐water and deep‐sea ecosystems, their functions supporting important ecological services worldwide. Despite their simple appearance as sea cucumbers, holothurians show a wide range of feeding practices. However, information on what and how these animals eat is scattered and potentially confusing. We provide a comprehensive review of holothurian nutrition in coastal and deep‐sea ecosystems. First, we describe morphological aspects of holothurian feeding and the ultrastructure of tentacles. We discuss the two processes for food capture, concluding that mucus adhesion is likely the main method; two mucous cells, type‐1 and type‐2, possibly allow the adhesion and de‐adhesion, respectively, of food particles. Secondly, this review aims to clarify behavioural aspects of holothurian suspension‐ and deposit‐feeding. We discuss the daily feeding cycle, and selective feeding strategies. We conclude that there is selectivity for fine and organically rich particles, and that feeding through the cloaca is also a route for nutrient absorption. Third, we provide a wide description of the diet of holothurians, which can be split into two categories: living and non‐living material. We suggest that Synallactida, Molpadida, Persiculida, Holothuriida and Elasipodida, ingest the same fractions, and emphasise the importance of bacteria in the diet of holothurians.
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spelling pubmed-92933002022-07-20 Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems Pierrat, Joséphine Bédier, Alexandre Eeckhaut, Igor Magalon, Hélène Frouin, Patrick Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc Original Articles Holothurians are marine invertebrates that are among the most widespread benthic megafauna communities by both biomass and abundance in shallow‐water and deep‐sea ecosystems, their functions supporting important ecological services worldwide. Despite their simple appearance as sea cucumbers, holothurians show a wide range of feeding practices. However, information on what and how these animals eat is scattered and potentially confusing. We provide a comprehensive review of holothurian nutrition in coastal and deep‐sea ecosystems. First, we describe morphological aspects of holothurian feeding and the ultrastructure of tentacles. We discuss the two processes for food capture, concluding that mucus adhesion is likely the main method; two mucous cells, type‐1 and type‐2, possibly allow the adhesion and de‐adhesion, respectively, of food particles. Secondly, this review aims to clarify behavioural aspects of holothurian suspension‐ and deposit‐feeding. We discuss the daily feeding cycle, and selective feeding strategies. We conclude that there is selectivity for fine and organically rich particles, and that feeding through the cloaca is also a route for nutrient absorption. Third, we provide a wide description of the diet of holothurians, which can be split into two categories: living and non‐living material. We suggest that Synallactida, Molpadida, Persiculida, Holothuriida and Elasipodida, ingest the same fractions, and emphasise the importance of bacteria in the diet of holothurians. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2021-10-13 2022-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9293300/ /pubmed/34647401 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12799 Text en © 2021 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Original Articles
Pierrat, Joséphine
Bédier, Alexandre
Eeckhaut, Igor
Magalon, Hélène
Frouin, Patrick
Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems
title Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems
title_full Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems
title_fullStr Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems
title_full_unstemmed Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems
title_short Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems
title_sort sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems
topic Original Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9293300/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34647401
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12799
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