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Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia
BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to global public health due to its pivotal role as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Calcium is a critical nutritional element required for electrical signal transduction and muscle and heart function, and calcium supplementation is widespre...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9299357/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35872922 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.916991 |
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author | Yun, Ke Zhang, Shuang Yang, Xiaotao Man, Dongliang Yao, Jialiang Wang, Wei Han, Xiaoxu |
author_facet | Yun, Ke Zhang, Shuang Yang, Xiaotao Man, Dongliang Yao, Jialiang Wang, Wei Han, Xiaoxu |
author_sort | Yun, Ke |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to global public health due to its pivotal role as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Calcium is a critical nutritional element required for electrical signal transduction and muscle and heart function, and calcium supplementation is widespread in the general population. However, associations between serum calcium and serum lipid profiles remain conflicting. Considering ionized calcium [Ca(2+)] is the best measure of active serum calcium and the lack of Ca(2+) analyzers, we aimed to examine the independent and joint associations between serum ionized calcium corrected by albumin ([Ca2+]corr) and the known modifiable risk factors and dyslipidemia. METHODS: We collected physical examination records, including demographic, anthropometric, laboratory tests, and clinical characteristics from individuals who had health checkups in 2019 at the health examination center of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Subjects were categorized into Q1–Q4 groups using [Ca2+]corr quartiles, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dyslipidemia and associated components were calculated using logistic regression. We also performed non-linear and threshold effect analyses of [Ca2+]corr and triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) levels. FINDINGS: Of 5,416 individuals aged 18–92 years, multivariable-adjusted models showed that ORs for dyslipidemia increased gradually with elevated [Ca2+]corr levels. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that [Ca2+]corr levels were associated with the increased odds of dyslipidemia (per 1 mmol/L increase: OR = 3.53, 95% CI: 1.56–8.00, P < 0.001). When compared with individuals in the Q1 group, those in groups Q3 and Q4 had significantly higher dyslipidemia odds (OR(Q3 vs. Q1) = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01–1.42; OR(Q4 vs. Q1) = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.10–1.56, all P < 0.05). Furthermore, a linear, positive relationship between [Ca2+]corr levels and dyslipidemia odds was observed (P for non-linear trend = 0.506), and the optimal cut-off point of [Ca2+]corr for dyslipidemia management was 2.26 mmol/L. A modifiable effect of albumin on the relationship between [Ca2+]corr and dyslipidemia odds was also found (P for interaction = 0.014). High [Ca2+]corr levels were positively associated with elevated TC, LDL-C, and Non-HDL-C but inversely associated with decreased HDL-C odds. Moreover, Locally weighted regression (Loess) analyses showed a non-linear, positive relationship between [Ca2+]corr and TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and Non-HDL-C levels. INTERPRETATION: Corrected serum ionized calcium was positively associated with increased odds of dyslipidemia and elevated TC, LDL-C, and Non-HDL-C, but inversely associated with the odds of decreased HDL-C. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9299357 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-92993572022-07-21 Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia Yun, Ke Zhang, Shuang Yang, Xiaotao Man, Dongliang Yao, Jialiang Wang, Wei Han, Xiaoxu Front Cardiovasc Med Cardiovascular Medicine BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to global public health due to its pivotal role as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Calcium is a critical nutritional element required for electrical signal transduction and muscle and heart function, and calcium supplementation is widespread in the general population. However, associations between serum calcium and serum lipid profiles remain conflicting. Considering ionized calcium [Ca(2+)] is the best measure of active serum calcium and the lack of Ca(2+) analyzers, we aimed to examine the independent and joint associations between serum ionized calcium corrected by albumin ([Ca2+]corr) and the known modifiable risk factors and dyslipidemia. METHODS: We collected physical examination records, including demographic, anthropometric, laboratory tests, and clinical characteristics from individuals who had health checkups in 2019 at the health examination center of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Subjects were categorized into Q1–Q4 groups using [Ca2+]corr quartiles, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dyslipidemia and associated components were calculated using logistic regression. We also performed non-linear and threshold effect analyses of [Ca2+]corr and triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) levels. FINDINGS: Of 5,416 individuals aged 18–92 years, multivariable-adjusted models showed that ORs for dyslipidemia increased gradually with elevated [Ca2+]corr levels. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that [Ca2+]corr levels were associated with the increased odds of dyslipidemia (per 1 mmol/L increase: OR = 3.53, 95% CI: 1.56–8.00, P < 0.001). When compared with individuals in the Q1 group, those in groups Q3 and Q4 had significantly higher dyslipidemia odds (OR(Q3 vs. Q1) = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01–1.42; OR(Q4 vs. Q1) = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.10–1.56, all P < 0.05). Furthermore, a linear, positive relationship between [Ca2+]corr levels and dyslipidemia odds was observed (P for non-linear trend = 0.506), and the optimal cut-off point of [Ca2+]corr for dyslipidemia management was 2.26 mmol/L. A modifiable effect of albumin on the relationship between [Ca2+]corr and dyslipidemia odds was also found (P for interaction = 0.014). High [Ca2+]corr levels were positively associated with elevated TC, LDL-C, and Non-HDL-C but inversely associated with decreased HDL-C odds. Moreover, Locally weighted regression (Loess) analyses showed a non-linear, positive relationship between [Ca2+]corr and TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and Non-HDL-C levels. INTERPRETATION: Corrected serum ionized calcium was positively associated with increased odds of dyslipidemia and elevated TC, LDL-C, and Non-HDL-C, but inversely associated with the odds of decreased HDL-C. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-07-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9299357/ /pubmed/35872922 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.916991 Text en Copyright © 2022 Yun, Zhang, Yang, Man, Yao, Wang and Han. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cardiovascular Medicine Yun, Ke Zhang, Shuang Yang, Xiaotao Man, Dongliang Yao, Jialiang Wang, Wei Han, Xiaoxu Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia |
title | Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia |
title_full | Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia |
title_fullStr | Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia |
title_full_unstemmed | Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia |
title_short | Corrected Serum Ionized Calcium as a Risk Factor Related to Adult Dyslipidemia |
title_sort | corrected serum ionized calcium as a risk factor related to adult dyslipidemia |
topic | Cardiovascular Medicine |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9299357/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35872922 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.916991 |
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