Machine Learning and Deep Learning based AI Tools for Development of Diagnostic Tools

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems exhibit human-like intelligence. Human intelligence is converted to machines or computer technologies using AI algorithms. Machine learning (ML) is a subset of AI that can learn from extracted data and models to perform a task whereas deep learning (DL) is a subset of ML that imitates the human brain functioning to solve real-world problems in almost all fields. AI caused a paradigm shift in healthcare that can be employed for decision support and forecasting. Medical diagnostic tools developed using AI, perform disease diagnosis based on the symbolic models of disease and provide therapy recommendations. The key AI applications employed with medical diagnosis are characterized as learning systems and expert systems. Diagnostic tools, developed using Expert systems utilize facts, implications, and knowledge processing techniques for disease diagnosis, whereas a learning system utilizes statistical pattern recognition, ML, and neural networks. In March 2020, an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Recent research studies have shown that AI, ML, and DL can be leveraged to combat COVID-19 having objectives of disease diagnosis, to forecast epidemic and sustainable development, and so on. DL algorithms are implemented on image data, more specifically on chest X-rays and computed tomography scans, for developing diagnostic tools. In this chapter, various ML and DL-based AI tools for the development of diagnostic tools have been discussed.