Th1-Dominant CD4(+) T Cells Orchestrate Endogenous Systematic Antitumor Immune Memory After Cryo-Thermal Therapy

Recent studies suggest that highly activated, polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells are incredibly effective in strengthening and sustaining overall host antitumor immunity, promoting tumor-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses and effectively enhancing antitumor immunity by immunotherapy. Previously, we developed a novel cryo-thermal therapy for local tumor ablation and achieved long-term survival rates in several tumor models. It was discovered that cryo-thermal therapy remodeled the tumor microenvironment and induced an antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell response, which mediated stronger antitumor immunity in vivo. In this study, the phenotype of bulk T cells in spleen was analyzed by flow cytometry after cryo-thermal therapy and both CD4(+) Th1 and CD8(+) CTL were activated. In addition, by using T-cell depletion, isolation, and adoptive T-cell therapy, it was found that cryo-thermal therapy induced Th1-dominant CD4(+) T cells that directly inhibited the growth of tumor cells, promoted the maturation of MDSCs via CD4(+) T-cell-derived IFN-γ and enhanced the cytotoxic effector function of NK cells and CD8(+) T cells, and promoted the maturation of APCs via cell-cell contact and CD4(+) T-cell-derived IFN-γ. Considering the multiple roles of cryo-thermal-induced Th1-dominant CD4(+) T cells in augmenting antitumor immune memory, we suggest that local cryo-thermal therapy is an attractive thermo-immunotherapy strategy to harness host antitumor immunity and has great potential for clinical application.